十数年潜心研究 著名学者刘东汶破译汉字形成发展的奥秘

——简介刘东汶著《神奇智慧的古汉字》一书

Study on the Mysteries of the formation and Development of Chinese characters deciphered by Liu Dongwen, a famous scholar, for more than ten years

由中央党校出版社出版的刘东汶著：《神奇智慧的古汉字》一书，已经出版问世了。

作者刘东汶是全国理论界知名人士（请见光明日报1994，6，17头版名单），四十年来全国一流报刊发表过他的许多有分量、有重大影响的论文达300余万字，出版他专著、主编图书十余种，文字达600万字。此外，还有包括推广首钢承包制、速免农业税、大力发扬正能量等重大对策建议，得到国家采纳。

《神奇智慧的古汉字》一书，是作者自2006年始至今十数年潜心研究的心血之作。在国内外，汉字字义研究著作汗牛充栋，但多是炒作如许慎等大家的训诂而成的著作。刘东汶则另辟蹊径，从萌芽和初创时期的汉字（主要是甲骨文阶段，有文字1700个）；到艰难成长时期的汉字，主要是金文、大篆、秦统一中国的小篆阶段，汉字有4000个；西汉、东汉两朝，国家强盛安定，文字迅速增长，到公元100年东汉许慎作《说文》时，汉文字（以小篆书为主）规模达到9353个。此后，各封建朝代，不断增加汉字数量，到清朝《康熙字典》汉字已经达到47002字。新中国推广汉字简体字化，但限制了那些内容反复的汉字出现，把汉字规模确定在8000个范围内，而常用字则为3500个。研究汉字的产生、成长，整个汉字字义的大致确立，迅速发展，以及简体字化的历史过程，从汉字的发展历史出发，而不是从许慎等大家的训诂出发，这是保障我们正确认识汉字形成规律、正确定义汉字字义的关键所在。包括许慎在内的诸多汉字大家们，限于历史条件，他们中的大多数的人没有见识甲骨文，对金文、篆书、石鼓文也不甚了解，因而对于初创时期的每个汉字字义的初心是难以理解的。因此，许慎等大家的学识是应当学习的，但需要批判地继承。这就是刘东汶在十数年间对汉字精心研究时秉承的宗旨。

在国内外，刘东汶对汉字字义的研究开创了新途径。早在2008年，香港中文大学的研讨会给刘东汶的邀请函中，就高度评价他在汉字研究领域的“独到建树和突出成就”，邀请他莅临研讨会讲座，并给予指导。2008年元旦刚过，联合国工会三位领导就当面邀请他去给联合国官员们，在午餐时间作系列汉字讲座。而我国全国人大、全国政协的多年年会上，许多的代表和委员也以刘东汶观点来讲汉字的识繁写简问题。

他揭示了汉字字义形成的规律，他把四五千年里被人们看得神秘莫测的汉字密码，清晰地揭示给世人观看。把神鬼莫测的汉字还其来自人世间的生产、生活、以及还有人世间斗争的历史，使人们感觉到汉字的历史就是人们自己历史，汉字就是人们所处的自然界，汉字就是人间社会的反映。

从传说的仓颉造字，到甲骨文阶段，汉字中的象形字基本确立起来了。这些象形字（也是人们感官可以辨识的字，又称为感性字）就是汉字中的理性字得以大批产生和发展起来的源泉。在汉字中，这些象形字（感性字）是作为字的部首（又称偏旁部首）出现的，在东汉许慎《说文》时部首有540个，到清朝《康熙字典》就只有300个。感性字部首是作为理性字的组成部分出现的。汉字中的绝大多数字是理性字，理性字是在感性字部首的组合和排列基础上形成的。

无独有偶，西方拼音文字的庞大字库是由300词根通过加前后缀等途径形成的。而汉字字库也是300个部首组成。看来东西方文化有曲径通幽啊！

汉字通过两个以上的部首结合，组成庞大的理性字量。纵观汉字的形成历史，每个理性字都是在少则几百年，多则几千年的历史长河中才形成的。汉字从蛮荒中初创出来，到甲骨文阶段（商朝时）有文字1700个，到金文、篆书阶段，秦统一中国时文字有4000个，到东汉许慎有小篆体文字9353个，而后到清朝《康熙字典》楷书体文字有47002。新中国简体文字有8000个。以许慎《说文》作为汉字成熟阶段，那么从甲骨文阶段以来也有2000多年的历史。由此，就可以清楚看到每个汉字的形成是何等艰辛，又是多少志士仁人前仆后继、孜孜不倦探索的结果！对表达客观世界和主观世界事物的每个汉字，也只有在这种条件下才能够给出合乎事物发展规律的结论。而世界上各种拼音文字的形成却是很不相同的，有的少则只需要几年，几十年，多则几百年就能够迅速形成。

汉字的字义形成既然是一个长达几千年漫长的历史过程，那么就得从历史发展中去寻找其正确的字义了。甲骨文阶段是汉字初创时期，是汉字创造者们的初心的体现，因此，把握甲骨文中初创者的初心就显得十分关键和必要了。甲骨文中，对于有具象的人的眼耳鼻舌身心形等均有其独特的表现形式，对于金木水火土，对于禽类，对于兽类等，都是用简洁具象的象形字来表现的，对于甲骨文中的象形字必须牢牢把握，灵活应用。只有把握了甲骨文阶段，汉字的出现才不会是鬼神莫测的、与现实世界格格不入的东西。

汉字从甲骨文阶段，发展到许慎《说文》的篆书阶段，就字义上来讲，毫无疑义是许慎《说文》阶段比起甲骨文阶段要准确和科学得多。同时也要看到，相当部分汉字的繁体字阶段（或者称为楷体阶段）比起许慎的篆书阶段，其字义也更科学和准确。

汉字在部首在不断的组合排列中形成新的理性字。由于部首的具体含义不同，因此组成的理性字也就显现千差万别的特点来。汉字能够通过部首的组成不同，从而准确划分出每个汉字表达事物的不同类别。在同类部首的汉字里，它们所表达的事物也往往具有共同的一些特质，因此，可以顺藤摸瓜，举一反三，迅速把事情理清楚。

把握住每个汉字是由那些个部首组成，同时又能够理性地把握部首之间的联系，就能够准确、科学地揭示出每个汉字的字义来。比如，贫穷，富裕，秋字等。比如，贫字由八+刀+贝等3个部首组成，指的是一个钱（贝）几个人来分，像100元分给5个人，每人20元，能够干什么？买一碗面条就花光了。又如，穷字的繁体窮字由穴+身+弓等3个部首组成，指的是没有住房居住，只好居住于洞穴之中，洞穴还很小，身体得弓着才能够进出；表示这户人家不仅生活上困难，而且活动空间也非常窄小，这就是穷字的含义。富裕二字也是紧密与人们日常生活联系在一起的。先看裕字，由衣+谷等2个部首组成，指的是这户人家有衣服穿，有五谷的饭来吃，也就是俗语衣食不缺，这当然是富裕之家了。说实话，衣食不缺的日字，在古代是人们十分盼望的，但是却是难以实现的；对于中国人民来说，不再缺衣少食的岁月也不过30几年光景啊！再看富字，它与穷正相反，富字由

秋字由禾+火等2个部首组成，禾苗像着火的时候就是深秋季节来临。万木霜天红烂漫，稻粱等庄稼一片金黄色，这就是秋天！

进字的繁体進字由隹+辶等2个部首组成。隹字是短尾巴鸟的象形字。鸡鸭鹅就是由野生的短尾巴鸟驯养好的禽类，大家注意过它们这些隹有没有向后走的，有没有向后飞的？没有！鸡鸭鹅只会往前飞，只会往前走。那么，它们怎么往后走，往后飞呢？得拐弯！而人和哺乳动物，包括昆虫，鱼类，虫类，都可以在立定状态下，可以立即开始往前或者往后的动作！汉字造字先祖们在150万种动物中，独独选取隹这种动物来解释什么是进，多么的神奇啊！

同样的部首组成的汉字，其字义也会因为部首各自所处的位置不同而字义不同。比如，同是木+日等2部首组成的字部首位置不同，其字义迥异：1东字的繁体字東表达的是红日初升，红日升起在树木中的那个方向就是东方；2杲字表达的是早晨八九点钟时，升起在树木树梢，红日蒸蒸日上，朝气蓬勃，光芒万丈，这种精神就是人们应该学习的榜样；3杳字表达的是红日西坠，已经落下在树木的根部下面了，这是的红日哪里能够找到呢？因此，杳然，杳无音信这些词语就要用杳字了。这多有意思，又多神秘！

汉字是神奇智慧的。与拼音文字不同，汉字具有科学性，汉字具有形象生动性，汉字具有简洁直观性。

本书对于历来的汉字难认、难写、难读是一次彻底的解决。汉字将在人们心目中变得很容易亲切和熟悉起来，好认，好读；同时由于每个汉字形成的构成好记，因而日常书写起来也显得容易。一天学习掌握七八十个字及其字义，不再是神话。这对于外国人学习掌握中文，将提供一个前所未有的捷径。

这本书是作者对于汉字字义的勇敢的、睿智的探索。作者表示愿意与国内外汉字研究的志士仁人们一起，勇于探索，勤以思考，去夺取汉字研究的辉煌胜利！为中华文化、中华文明在世界的复兴奋斗前进吧！

（楚文材提供）

18-9-16

Study on the Mysteries of the formation and Development of Chinese characters deciphered by Liu Dongwen, a famous scholar, for more than ten years

A brief introduction to Liu Dongwen's book "Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom"

A book by Liu Dongwen, Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom, published by the Central Party School Press, has been published.

The author Liu Dongwen is a well-known figure in the national theoretical circle (see Guangming Daily 1994 / 617 front page list). In the past 40 years, many of his influential papers have been published in the country's top newspapers and periodicals, and his monographs have been published in more than 3 million words. Editor-in-chief books more than ten kinds, the text reaches 6 million words. In addition, there are including the promotion of Shougang contract system, the rapid exemption of agricultural tax, vigorously promote positive energy and other major countermeasures and suggestions, has been adopted by the country.

Ancient Chinese characters of Magic Wisdom is the author's painstaking work since 2006. At home and abroad, the study of the meaning of Chinese characters is full of books, but mostly hype such as careful exegesis. Liu Dongwen took a different approach, from Chinese characters (mainly oracle inscriptions, with 1700 characters) in the budding and initial period, to the Chinese characters in the hard growing period, mainly the Jin>

At home and abroad, Liu Dongwen's research on the meaning of Chinese characters opened a new way. As early as 2008, in his letter of invitation to Liu Dongwen from the Chinese University of Hong Kong seminar, he was highly praised for his "unique achievements and outstanding achievements" in the field of Chinese character research. He was invited to attend the seminar and give him guidance. New Year's Day just passed in 2008. The three union leaders invited him personally to give a series of lectures on Chinese characters to UN officials at lunchtime. At the annual meeting of the National people's Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese people's political Consultative Conference, many deputies and committee members also spoke of the problem of Chinese characters from the viewpoint of Liu Dongwen.

He reveals the rules of the formation of the meaning of Chinese characters, and he clearly reveals the mysterious Chinese characters codes seen in the past four or five thousand years to the world. By returning the mysterious Chinese characters from the production, life, and struggle in the world, people feel that the history of the Chinese characters is the history of the people themselves, and that the Chinese characters are the nature in which the people live. Chinese characters are the reflection of human society.

From the legendary word Cangjie to the oracle-bone-writing stage, the pictographic characters in Chinese characters were basically established. These pictographs (also known as perceptual characters) are the source of the emergence and development of rational characters in Chinese characters. In the Chinese characters, these pictographs (perceptual characters) appeared as the radicals of the characters. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 540 radicals in Xu Shen and only 300 in the Kangxi Dictionary in the Qing Dynasty. Perceptual word radical appears as part of rational word. The vast majority of Chinese characters are rational characters, and rational characters are the combination and arrangement of perceptual characters. Formed on the basis of a column.

Coincidentally, the huge library of Western phonetic characters is made up of 300 roots by adding affixes and so on. The Chinese character library is also made up of 300 radicals. It seems that the East and the West culture has twists and turns!

Chinese characters through the combination of two or more radicals, constitute a large number of rational words. Throughout the history of the formation of Chinese characters, every rational word is formed in the long history of less than hundreds of years and more than thousands of years. There were 1700 characters in the oracle bone stage (Shang Dynasty), 4,000 characters in the Qin Dynasty when Qin unified China, and 9353 characters in the small seal>

Since the formation of the meaning of Chinese characters is a long historical process for thousands of years, it is necessary to look for the correct meaning from the historical development. The stage of oracle bone inscription is the initial stage of Chinese characters and the embodiment of the initial heart of the creators of Chinese characters. Therefore, it is very important and necessary to grasp the initial heart of the initiators in oracle bone inscriptions. In oracle bone inscriptions, the body, mind, body, and so on of the person whose eyes, ears, nose, tongue, etc have their own unique forms of expression. For the golden wood, water, fire and soil, for birds, for animals and so on, they are all represented by concise figurative pictographs. The pictographic characters in oracle bone inscriptions must be firmly grasped and applied flexibly. Only grasp the Oracle stage. The appearance of Chinese characters will not be unfathomable and incompatible with the real world.

From the oracle bone inscription stage to the seal>

Chinese characters form new rational characters in the constant combination of radicals. Because the specific meaning of the radical is different, the rational character of the composition is different. Chinese characters can be accurately divided into different categories of things expressed by each Chinese character through different composition of their radicals. In the Chinese characters of the same kind, the things they express often have some characteristics in common.

Grasp that each Chinese character is composed of those radicals, and at the same time can rationally grasp the relationship between the radicals, can accurately and scientifically reveal the meaning of each Chinese character. For example, poverty, wealth, autumn, etc. For example, the poor word is made up of three radicals, such as eight knives and shellfish, which refers to a few people who share money (shellfish), like 100 yuan to 5 people, 20 yuan each, what can they do? Buy a bowl of noodles and spend it all. For example, the traditional character of the poor character is composed of three radicals, such as the cave body bow, which means that there is no house to live in and have to live in the cave. The cave is still very small and the body has to bow in order to get in and out. This family is not only difficult in life, but also very small space, which is the meaning of the word poor. The word "rich" is also closely related to people's daily life. First look at the word Yu, by Yigu and other two members of the composition, refers to this family has clothes to wear, rice to eat grain, that is, the saying is not lack of clothing and food, of course, this is a rich family. To tell the truth, in ancient times, people were looking forward to the Japanese characters, but it was difficult to realize. For the Chinese people, the years of no food and clothing are only 30 years old! When we look at the word "rich" again, it is the opposite of the word "poor". The composition of a radical. Under normal circumstances, the mouth means import and export, but in the word rich, it means population and labor, and fields denote ripe soil that has been reclaimed and can be planted. This is thousands of years ago under the conditions of China's agricultural economy, people for rich understanding: there is labor, arable land, you can create wealth through men and women; The housing is created wealth, housing can guarantee the labor force and the family population continue to multiply. This rich word contains the content, under the modern society condition, the political economy summary also is no more than these contents!

Autumn characters are composed of two radicals, such as fire. The late autumn season comes when the graminate is on fire. Ten thousand wood frost red, rice and sorghum crops a golden yellow, this is autumn!

The traditional style of entering characters is composed of two radicals, such as the good hysteresis and so on. The good word is the pictograph of the short-tailed bird. Chickens, ducks and geese are birds domesticated by wild short-tailed birds. Have you noticed if they are moving backward or flying backwards? No Chickens, ducks and geese can only fly forward and only go forward. So how do they go back and fly back? We have to turn! And humans and mammals, including insects, fish, insects, can start moving forward or back immediately in a stationary state! Among the 1.5 million animals, the ancestors of Chinese characters only chose this kind of animal to explain what it is and how amazing it is. Ah!

Chinese characters with the same radicals have different meanings because of their respective positions. For example, the position of the word radical, which is composed of two radicals, is very different: 1the traditional character of East character expresses the rising of the red sun, the direction in which the red sun rises in the trees is the east; Gao characters express that at eight or nine o'clock in the morning, rising in the trees and trees, the red sun is booming, vigorous, brilliant, this spirit is the example that people should learn; The red sun has fallen under the roots of the trees. Where can we find the red sun? So, There was no news of these words. How interesting and mysterious it is!

Chinese characters are magical and intelligent. Different from phonetic characters, Chinese characters are scientific, vivid and concise.

This book for the history of Chinese characters difficult to recognize, difficult to write, difficult to read is a thorough solution. Chinese characters will become very friendly and familiar in people's minds, easy to recognize, easy to read; at the same time, the formation of each Chinese character is easy to remember, so it is easy to write everyday. Learning to master 70 or 80 words and their meanings in one day is no longer a myth. This will provide an unprecedented shortcut for foreigners to learn to master Chinese.

This book is the author's brave and wise exploration of the meaning of Chinese characters. The author expresses his willingness to work with the talented people who study Chinese characters at home and abroad to explore and think hard to win the brilliant victory in the study of Chinese characters. For the Chinese culture, Chinese civilization in the world in the revival of the struggle to advance!

(provided by Chu Wencai)

18-9-16

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