Yet so strong was the belief in a static universe that it persisted into the early twentieth century. Even Einstein, when he formulated the general theory of relativity in 1915, was so sure that the universe had to be static that he modified his theory to make this possible, introducing a so-called cosmological constant into his equations. Einstein introduced a new “antigravity” force, which, unlike other forces, did not come from any particular source but was built into the very fabric of space-time. He claimed that space-time had an inbuilt tendency to expand, and this could be made to balance exactly the attraction of all the matter in the universe, so that a static universe would result. Only one man, it seems, was willing to take general relativity at face value, and while Einstein and other physicists were looking for ways of avoiding general relativity’s prediction of a nonstatic universe, the Russian physicist and mathematician Alexander Friedmann instead set about explaining it.
Friedmann made two very simple assumptions about the universe: that the universe looks identical in whichever direction we look, and that this would also be true if we were observing the universe from anywhere else. From these two ideas alone, Friedmann showed that we should not expect the universe to be static. In fact, in 1922, several years before Edwin Hubble’s discovery, Friedmann predicted exactly what Hubble found!
The assumption that the universe looks the same in every direction is clearly not true in reality. For example, as we have seen, the other stars in our galaxy form a distinct band of light across the night sky, called the Milky Way. But if we look at distant galaxies, there seems to be more or less the same number of them. So the universe does seem to be roughly the same in every direction, provided one views it on a large scale compared to the distance between galaxies, and ignores the differences on small scales. For a long time, this was sufficient justification for Friedmann’s assumption - as a rough approximation to the real universe. But more recently a lucky accident uncovered the fact that Friedmann’s assumption is in fact a remarkably accurate description of our universe.
Static 静态的
然而，静态宇宙的信念是如此之强，以至于一直维持到了20世纪的早期。甚至爱因斯坦于1915年发表其广义相对论时，还是如此之肯定宇宙必须是静态的，以使得他在其方程中不得不引进一个所谓的宇宙常数来修正自己的理论，使静态的宇宙成为可能。爱因斯坦引入一个新的“反引力”，这力不像其他的力那样，不发源于任何特别的源，而是空间——时间结构所固有的。他宣称，空间——时间有一内在的膨胀的趋向，这可以用来刚好去平衡宇宙间所有物质的相互吸引，结果使宇宙成为静态的。当爱因斯坦和其他物理学家正在想方设法避免广义相对论的非静态宇宙的预言时，看来只有一个人，即俄国物理学家和数学家亚历山大·弗利德曼愿意只用广义相对论着手解释它。
弗利德曼对于宇宙作了两个非常简单的假定：我们不论往哪个方向看，也不论在任何地方进行观察，宇宙看起来都是一样的。弗利德曼指出，仅仅从这两个观念出发，我们就应该预料宇宙不是静态的。事实上，弗利德曼在1922年所做的预言，正是几年之后埃得温·哈勃所观察到的结果。
很清楚，关于在任何方向上宇宙都显得是一样的假设实际上是不对的。例如，正如我们所看到的，我们星系中的其他恒星形成了横贯夜空的叫做银河系的光带。但是如果看得更远，星系数目就或多或少显得是同样的。所以假定我们在比星系间距离更大的尺度下来观察，而不管在小尺度下的差异，则宇宙确实在所有的方向看起来是大致一样的。在很长的时间里，这为弗利德曼的假设——作为实际宇宙的粗糙近似提供了充分的证实。但是，近世出现的一桩幸运的事件所揭示的事实说明了，弗利德曼假设实际上异常准确地描述了我们的宇宙。
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