Instead, a red quark has to be joined to a green and a blue quark by a “string” of gluons (red + green + blue = white).
Such a triplet constitutes a proton or a neutron. Another possibility is a pair consisting of a quark and an antiquark (red+ anti red, or green + anti green, or blue + antiblue = white).
Such combinations make up the particles known as mesons, which are unstable because the quark and antiquark can annihilate each other, producing electrons and other particles.
Similarly, confinement prevents one having a single gluon on its own, because gluons also have color. Instead, one has to have a collection of gluons whose colors add up to white. Such a collection forms an unstable particle called a glueball.
The fact that confinement prevents one from observing an isolated quark or gluon might seem to make the whole notion of quarks and gluons as particles somewhat metaphysical.
However, there is another property of the strong nuclear force, called asymptotic freedom, that makes the concept of quarks and gluons well defined. At normal energies, the strong nuclear force is indeed strong, and it binds the quarks tightly together.
However, experiments with large particle accelerators indicate that at high energies the strong force becomes much weaker, and the quarks and gluons behave almost like free particles.
Fig. 5.2 shows a photograph of a collision between a high-energy proton and antiproton. The success of the unification of the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces led to a number of attempts to combine these two forces with the strong nuclear force into what is called a grand unified theory(or GUT). This title is rather an exaggeration: the resultant theories are not all that grand, nor are they fully unified, as they do not include gravity. Nor are they really complete theories, because they contain a number of parameters whose values cannot be predicted from the theory but have to be chosen to fit in with experiment. Nevertheless, they may be a step toward a complete, fully unified theory. The basic idea of GUTs is as follows: as was mentioned above, the strong nuclear force gets weaker at high energies. On the other hand, the electromagnetic and weak forces, which are not asymptotically free, get stronger at high energies. At some very high energy, called the grand unification energy, these three forces would all have the same strength and so could just be different aspects of a single force. The GUTs also predict that at this energy the different spin-1/2 matter particles, like quarks and electrons, would also all be essentially the same, thus achieving another unification.
Meson 介子
Glueball 胶球
Metaphysical 形而上学的
asymptotic 渐进的
resultant 由此导致的
反之，一个红夸克必须用一串胶子和一个绿夸克以及一个蓝夸克联结在一起（红＋绿＋蓝＝白）。这样的三胞胎构成了质子或中子。其他的可能性是由一个夸克和一个反夸克组成的对（红＋反红，或绿＋反绿，或蓝＋反蓝＝白）。这样的结合构成称为介子的粒子。介子是不稳定的，因为夸克和反夸克会互相湮灭而产生电子和其他粒子。类似地，由于胶子也有颜色，色禁闭使得人们不可能得到单独的胶子。相反地，人们所能得到的胶子的团，其迭加起来的颜色必须是白的。这样的团形成了称为胶球的不稳定粒子。
色禁闭使得人们观察不到一个孤立的夸克或胶子，这事实使得将夸克和胶子当作粒子的整个见解看起来有点玄学的味道。然而，强核力还有一个叫做渐近自由的性质，它使得夸克和胶子成为定义得很好的概念。在正常能量下，强核力确实很强，它将夸克很紧地捆在一起。但是，大型粒子加速器的实验指出，在高能下强作用力变得弱得多，夸克和胶子的行为就像自由粒子那样。图5.2是张一个高能质子和一个反质子碰撞的照片。
统一电磁和弱力的成功，使许多人试图将这两种力和强核力合并在所谓的大统一理论（或GUT）之中。这名字相当夸张，所得到的理论并不那么辉煌，也没能将全部力都统一进去，因为它并不包含引力。它们也不是真正完整的理论，因为它们包含了许多不能从这理论中预言而必须人为选择去适合实验的参数。尽管如此，它们可能是朝着完全的统一理论推进的一步。GUT的基本思想是这样：正如前面提到的，在高能量时强核力变弱了；另一方面，不具有渐近自由性质的电磁力和弱力在高能量下变强了。在非常高的叫做大统一能量的能量下，这三种力都有同样的强度，所以可看成一个单独的力的不同方面。在这能量下，GUT还预言了自旋为1/2的不同物质粒子（如夸克和电子）也会基本上变成一样，这样导致了另一种统一。
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