1、Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
結構分析：句子主幹Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…。主語是some of these causes，實際的主語就是some，不過謂語是單數還是複數則取決於of後面的成分是單數還是複數。being to some extent self-accelerating是現在分詞短語做定語，意為“屬於”。
譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求，另一些則是由於科學在一定程度上自我加速而產生的，某些特定發展的必然結果。
2、This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
結構分析：句子主幹是This trend began during…, when…引導時間狀語從句, 第一個that引導同位語從句，表明conclusion的內容。第二個that引導的是修飾demands的定語從句。譯文：這種趨勢始於第二次世界大戰期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府向科研機構提出的具體要求，通常是無法詳盡預見的。
3、This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
結構分析：句子主幹是This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…，not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”譯文：給某些與當前目標無關，但將來可能產生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
4、However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
結構分析：句子主幹是However, the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspects。so made指“如此構成”，so和後面的that構成so…that結構，意為“如此…以至於…”。譯文：然而,世界就是這樣。一般而言,完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。
5、New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they hxdye in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
結構分析：句子主幹是New forms…must arise…as they hxdye in the past。主語是new forms和new subjects，後跟介詞短語as well as new subjects for thought，謂語是must arise。as在這裡引導狀語從句as they hxdye in the past，hxdye後省略了arisen，其內容與本句主語一致。giving rise to…是一個現在分詞短語做狀語。
譯文：同過去一樣，將來必然會出現新的思維方式和新的思維對象，給完美以新的標準。
6、For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
結構分析：句子主幹是the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…。For Lloyd Nickson, 是狀語，“a 54 years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。此句的核心結構為Rights means…，he can get on with living without…是一個賓語從句。
譯文：對於現年54歲居住在達爾文的肺癌患者尼克遜來說，這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無須終日擔心將要到來的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。
7、Someone trxdyeling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
結構分析：句子主幹Someone had nowhere to turn to。trxdyeling是現在分詞，是修飾someone的定語。if引導的從句中均省略了“主語＋be動詞”的結構，這樣顯得句子簡潔。
譯文：獨自旅行時，如果沒有了食物，受了傷或者生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
8、We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
結構分析：句子主幹是We live in a society。此句句子雖長，但是結構並不複雜，可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。in which引導了一個定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are，是因為在這個從句中主語是use，而不是substances。在冒號後的部分中，quiet是及物動詞，是“鎮靜”的意思。
譯文：在我們生活的社會里，物質（藥品）被廣泛地運用於社交和醫療，比如說服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼，喝酒來應酬，早晨喝咖啡來提神，吸菸來鎮定情緒等。
9、Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
結構分析：句子主幹是Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…。with引導的是伴隨結構作狀語，修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態。and引導的分句省略了謂語動詞marked ，所以該分句並不隸屬於第一分句，而是與之並列的結構，when引導的是第二個分句的時間狀語從句。
譯文：依賴最初表現為忍耐力增強，用量越來越大才能達到預期效果，一旦停用就會產生不舒服的症狀。
10、But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
結構分析：句子主幹是But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…由and連接的兩個並列成分構成。第二個分句中有一個that引導的賓語從句。
譯文：但他也談到了創作自由與社會責任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣佈公司將發起一次活動，以制定有關發行和標識可能招致大眾反對的音樂的各種標準。
11、Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
結構分析：句子主幹是Average inflation fell。close to相當於省略了which was的非限制性定語從句。Before後面的成分是對全句的補充說明，是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，並無規定。之所以用rising，是因為before在這裡是介詞。
譯文：去年,七大工業國家的通貨膨脹率下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數低了很多。
12、Economists hxdye been particularly surprised by fxdyorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, hxdye little productive slack.
結構分析：句子主幹是Economists hxdye been…surprised。主句用現在完成時hxdye been…。Since引導的是表原因的狀語從句。
譯文：特別讓經濟學家感到詫異的是，英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結果。因為傳統的分析方法表明，兩國尤其是美國的經濟生產,幾乎沒有閒置的生產資源。
13、Actually it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not hxdye.
結構分析：句子主幹是Actually it isn’t…。主句很簡單，而because引導的原因狀語從句中，又有一個that引導的賓語從句。這個從句中，主語an agreed account of human rights由一個which引導的非限制性定語從句修飾，而這個非限制性定語從句中又有一個限制性定語從句the world does not hxdye來修飾something。
譯文：事實並非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同認識為基礎的，而這種共同認識並不存在。
14、Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
結構分析：句子主幹是Some philosophers argue that…。that引導的賓語從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補語的角色。
譯文：有些哲學家主張說，權利只存在於社會契約中，是責任與利益相交換的一部分。
15、Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
結構分析：句子主幹是Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…逗號前面是一個現在分詞短語，做狀語，裡面又有一個that從句做the view的同位語，逗號後面的that從句是一個賓語從句。
譯文：這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。
