初中英語語法總結——連詞
連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨立擔任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：並列連詞和從屬連詞。
並列連詞
並列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。
第一類表示並列關係的連詞
1) and 和
判斷改錯：
(錯) They sat down and talk about something.
(錯) They started to dance and sang.
(錯) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(對) They sat down and talked about something.
(對) They started to dance and sing.
(對)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 連接兩個並列的謂語，所以 talk 應改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個並列的動詞不定式，第二個不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動詞saw 後面的用作的賓補的兩個並列分詞結構，因此whisper應改為whispering。
注意：1. and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed
2, A and B 當表示整體或者指同一人時謂語動詞用單數, 當and連接的單數名詞前分別有each，every，many等詞修飾時，謂語也用單數。
bread and butter a knife and fork
The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.
No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.
3. and連接的是兩個相同意思的詞，表示“漸漸”，或加強語氣
Read it again and again
2) both …and 兩者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) neither…nor 意思為"既不……也不……"謂語動詞采用就近原則，與nor後的詞保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
4) not only…but (also)不但······而且······
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only… but also 關聯兩個分句時，一個分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
5) as well as 以及，也，與···同樣
The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.
比較and和or
1) 並列結構中，or通常用於否定句，and用於肯定句。
2) 但有時and 也可用於否定句。請注意其不同特點：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中並列結構用or 連接，但含有兩個否定詞的句子實際被看作是肯定結構，因此要用and。
典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表並列用or, but 錶轉折。
判斷改錯：
(錯) We will die without air and water.
(錯) We can't live without air or water.
(對) We will die without air or water.
(對) We can't live without air and water.
第二類表示選擇關係的連詞
1) or 意思為"或則"。
Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?
2) either…or 意思為"或者……或者 ……"。注意謂語動詞采用就近原則。
Either you or I am right.
3) or else/ otherwise 否則
Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.
I am tired, otherwise, I would play.
第三類表示轉折或對比關係的連詞
1）but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.
while 然而，表示對比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them.
yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.
however 然而，可是，不過 She does not like him, however, I like him.
2) not…but… 意思為"不是 ……而是……"
not 和but 後面的用詞要遵循一致原則。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉折，符合語意。而表並列的and， 結果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
第四類表因果關係的連詞
1)for 因為，做並列連詞使用時，是在對先行的句子補述原因或者理由，只可以連接句子與句子，通常不置於句首。
He is absent today, for he is ill.
2) so, therefore 因此
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
I think, therefore I am
3）then 那麼，因而
Hide behind the wall, then they won’t see you.
注意：
a. 兩個並列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和並列連詞連用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although… yet…，但although不與 but連用。
(錯) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(對) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
從屬連詞
從屬連詞不同與並列連詞，只能用來引導從句，而不能引導詞或者詞組。從屬連詞一般可以引導名詞性從句和狀語從句。
第一類引導名詞性從句的從屬連詞
1）that 引導賓語從句或間接引語時，可省略。引導主語從句時不可以省略。
He said (that) he would come. 賓語從句
His mother told me (that) he is a good boy. 間接引語
That she is still alive is true. 主語從句
2）if/whether 是否
I wonder if he is at home.
I ask him whether he would come.
注意：只可以用whether的情況
介詞後面 It will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.
whether···or not 固定搭配 Let me know whether you come or not.
動詞不定式前 I don’t know whether to accept his advice.
第二類引導狀語從句的從屬連詞
1）連接時間狀語從句的從屬連詞
before 在···之前 The war had been over before he came to China.
after 在···之後 He came to China after the war was over.
since 自從 I have lived in this city since I was born.
when/while 當··· The teacher entered the classroom, when all the students were playing
When I came into this room, I found him lying bed asleep （while後接的動詞是延續性的動詞）
as 當··· I saw her as I was getting on the bus.
till/until 直到 I didn’t go to sleep until/till I finished my homework.
as soon as 一···就··· As soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.
2）連接地點狀語從句的從屬連詞
where 在哪裡 There were lots of parks where I lived.
3）連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞
because 原因,用於解釋某事的原因，動機，強調直接原因和因果關係 I do it because I like it.
for 表因為，表間接的原因，用於說明，解釋 I soon went to sleep, for I was tired
since 表原因，比because弱，比as強，表一種已知的，顯然的理由，常譯為“既然
as 表原因時，意義最弱 As you are in poor health, you should do more exercises
4）連接結果狀語從句的從屬連詞
so···that··· 如此···以至於··· He is so kind that everybody likes him.
such···that··· He is such a kind man that everybody likes him
5）連接目的狀語從句的從屬連詞
that / so that / in order that 為了
Speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.
6) 連接條件狀語從句的從屬連詞
if 如果 If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.
unless 除非 (如果不 ) He will come unless it rains.
in case 萬一 You may call this number in case I am not at home
7)連接比較狀語從句的從屬連詞
than 比 It’s easier than I thought.
as/so···as···和···一樣 She is as tall as you.
He is not as/so tall as his wife.
8)連接方式狀語從句的從屬連詞
as 按照 Do as I told you.
Take things as they are.
as if / though 彷彿 He behaves as if/though he was a child.
9)引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞
although/though 儘管 Although Japan is small, the population is big.
even if 即便 Even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.
