新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延，多國拉響警報，這是一場人類與病毒的較量。國際組織、各國政府以及相關機構正攜手共同戰“疫”，在科研攻關、臨床治療等領域加強合作，與病毒“賽跑”。
最初，科研人員從溯源新冠病毒源頭、阻斷病毒傳播方式等方面加緊研究。隨著全球確診病例不斷攀升，科研工作的當務之急是迅速識別和救治患者，以遏制疫情蔓延。
Global research work on the novel coronavirus ranges from identifying the virus to modes of transmission and to treatment. The studies in those fields have all made breakthroughs.
At the early stage, scientists were focused on finding out where the virus (SARS-CoV-2) came from and how it was transmitted to humans.
Now the immediate priorities of research are focused on quickly identifying sick people and treating infected patients in order to curtail this outbreak as the global confirmed cases keep increasing.
>>>新冠病毒長啥樣？從哪來？
一起來看看新冠病毒在顯微鏡下的圖像，以及對病毒研究的主要時間線↓
>>>傳播途徑有哪些？
人際間的傳播途徑主要為飛沫傳播和密切接觸傳播。是否還有其他傳播途徑，這一直是科研人員關心的熱點問題。
經研究發現，在相對封閉的環境中長時間暴露於高濃度氣溶膠情況下，存在經氣溶膠傳播的可能；新版診療方案明確，在糞便及尿中可分離到新型冠狀病毒，應注意糞便及尿造成氣溶膠或接觸傳播；還有研究報告顯示，科研團隊在眼淚及結膜分泌物中發現新冠病毒。
The main route of human-to-human transmission is respiratory droplets and close contact.
And there is the possibility of aerosol transmission when exposed to high concentration aerosol for a long time in a relatively closed environment.
Attention is also be paid to aerosol or contact transmission from feces and urine as new coronaviruses have been isolated here.
Regarding the latest findings on modes of transmission, Chinese researchers found that the novel coronavirus can be found in tears and conjunctive secretions, according to a study published on February 26.
此外，研究發現，無症狀感染者攜帶的病毒與輕症患者相似，因而無症狀傳播使得防控形勢更加嚴峻複雜。
Furthermore, asymptomatic transmission complicates scientific efforts to detect cases and to curb transmission.
A study published on February 19 indicates the asymptomatic infected carry the virus in similar to infected people with mild symptoms, after tracking and analyzing the viral load of 18 patients in Zhuhai City, south China's Guangdong Province.
>>>如何檢測新冠病毒？
新冠肺炎診斷標準基於實時熒光RT-PCR檢測新型冠狀病毒核酸陽性。為應對疫情，多款新冠病毒快速檢測試劑盒已通過國家藥監局應急審批。
The diagnosis of 2019-nCoV has been dependent on the positive result in real-time fluorescence RT-PCR detection of novel coronavirus nucleic acid. The shortage and long test time has pushed global researchers to develop more accurate and efficient test kits.
In response to the outbreak, China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has adopted fast-track review and approval procedure for COVID-19 diagnostic kits.
以下是部分新研製的試劑盒↓
截至3月15日24時，據31個省（自治區、直轄市）和新疆生產建設兵團報告，累計治癒出院病例67749例。
普通治療將充分利用現有藥物，全球正加緊研發新冠病毒疫苗和治療藥物。
On Sunday, Chinese health authorities said 838 patients were discharged from hospitals, bringing the total number of recovered cases to 67,749.
The general treatment method is making the most of existing medicine and is targeted at controlling early symptoms.
The R&D on new coronavirus treatment mainly covers the trials of existing medicine and vaccine development.
目前尚無獲得許可的新冠肺炎的有效治療方法或疫苗，不過許多治療藥物正在進行臨床試驗，已研發出30多種疫苗，正處於臨床前試驗階段。全球大規模臨床試驗也正在計劃或實施中。
There are currently no proven therapies or vaccines for COVID-19, but dozens of potential options are under clinical trial and more than 30 vaccines have been developed and are in the pre-clinical trial stage.
A number of large-scale randomized trials are being planned and are ongoing both inside and outside of China. Epidemiological studies, as conducted by public health authorities, have taken place in the U.S., Europe and other regions.
As of Saturday, 414 relevant clinical trials were registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and 392 trials registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.
疫苗從開發到上市通常需要數年時間。目前投入新冠病毒疫苗研發的機構或團隊包括中國疾控中心、美國Inovio製藥公司和Moderna公司、澳大利亞昆士蘭大學、印度血清研究所、英國牛津大學和加拿大薩斯喀徹溫大學等。
Bodies working to develop a vaccine include the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Moderna in the U.S., University of Queensland in Australia, Serum Institute of India, University of Oxford in the UK and University of Saskatchewan in Canada.
It is important to strike the balance between curtailing the current epidemic now and preparing for the future.
The R&D of a vaccine from development to the market usually takes years. For example, it took more than two decades of research before the world finally got an approved Ebola vaccine.
>> 疫情如何改變全球科研合作方式？
新冠肺炎疫情期間，全球科研人員交流經驗和共享信息的頻繁和密切程度前所未有，科研合作跑出戰“疫”加速度。
今年1月，中國科研人員公佈了新冠病毒的基因序列，讓全球科研機構能在能在第一時間行動起來，對抗這一“共同敵人”。
除了全球共享病毒樣本和基因序列之外，雲平臺和數據庫也發揮了巨大的作用。預印本服務器bioRxiv每天有和新冠肺炎相關的大量研究論文，基因組數據共享服務平臺GISAID便於優化和共享資源。
The intense communication and information sharing among researchers is unprecedented and has resulted in a level of collaboration among scientists that has led to research actions to be implemented faster than ever before during the outbreak.
Once the Chinese researchers published the genome sequence of the virus in January, analysis among global researchers started right away.
Viruses and reagents are being globally mapped out to facilitate the sharing of samples and sequences.
Many researchers have been publishing their COVID-19 work through "pre-print" services like bioRxiv, which publishes papers that haven't yet been peer reviewed in an effort to get potentially life-saving research into public hands more quickly, and platforms like genomic data sharing service GISAID, to optimize resources, avoid duplication and cover research priorities.
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關鍵字: Transmission 傳染病 中東呼吸綜合症
