So there is no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving.
The lack of an absolute standard of rest meant that one could not determine whether two events that took place at different times occurred in the same position in space. For example, suppose our Ping-Pong ball on the train bounces straight up and down, hitting the table twice on the same spot one second apart. To someone on the track, the two bounces would seem to take place about forty meters apart, because the train would have traveled that far down the track between the bounces. The nonexistence of absolute rest therefore meant that one could not give an event an absolute position in space, as Aristotle had believed. The positions of events and the distances between them would be different for a person on the train and one on the track, and there would be no reason to prefer one person’s position to the other’s.
Newton was very worried by this lack of absolute position, or absolute space, as it was called, because it did not accord with his idea of an absolute God. In fact, he refused to accept lack of absolute space, even though it was implied by his laws.
He was severely criticized for this irrational belief by many people, most notably by Bishop Berkeley, a philosopher who believed that all material objects and space and time are an illusion. When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Berkeley’s opinion, he cried, “I refute it thus!” and stubbed his toe on a large stone.
Stub 踢
缺乏靜止的絕對的標準表明，人們不能決定在不同時間發生的兩個事件是否發生在空間的同一位置。例如，假定在火車上我們的乓乒球直上直下地彈跳，在一秒鐘前後兩次撞到桌面上的同一處。在鐵軌上的人來看，這兩次彈跳發生在大約相距100米的不同的位置，因為在這兩回彈跳的間隔時間裡，火車已在鐵軌上走了這麼遠。這樣，絕對靜止的不存在意味著，不能像亞里士多德相信的那樣，給事件指定一個絕對的空間的位置。事件的位置以及它們之間的距離對於在火車上和鐵軌上的人來講是不同的，所以沒有理由以為一個人的處境比他人更優越。
牛頓對絕對位置或被稱為絕對空間的不存在感到非常憂慮，因為這和他的絕對上帝的觀念不一致。事實上，即使絕對空間的不存在被隱含在他的定律中，他也拒絕接受。因為這個非理性的信仰，他受到許多人的嚴厲批評，最有名的是貝克萊主教，他是一個相信所有的物質實體、空間和時間都是虛妄的哲學家。當人們將貝克萊的見解告訴著名的約翰遜博士時，他用腳尖踢到一塊大石頭上，並大聲地說：“我要這樣駁斥它！”
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