漢字與農耕經濟的緊密聯繫

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劉東汶：漢字與農耕經濟的緊密聯繫

在古漢字中，最大量的古漢字是在農耕階段中發明形成和完善的，這大量的古漢字的形成正是與農耕以及農副業階段有關。

Among the ancient Chinese characters, the largest amount of ancient Chinese characters were invented and perfected in the farming stage, and the formation of this large number of ancient Chinese characters is related to the farming and agricultural sideline stage.

如前所述，古漢字中的近300個象形字，均是先祖們在遊獵階段、遊牧階段的創造結果。

例如，牛馬羊豬狗同樣是由人們馴化而來的家畜，家畜成為人們家庭重要財產之一。人們在馴養牛馬羊豬狗這些牲畜時，的確表現出非凡的智慧和力量。比如，養（養）字由：羊＋食組成，含意是給羊以食物，這揭示著飼養的本質特徵是給羊以食物，這樣羊就可以存活下來了。人們不僅養羊，也養牛馬豬等大型牲畜。

As mentioned earlier, nearly 300 pictograms in ancient Chinese characters were created by their ancestors in the hunting and nomadic stages.

For example, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and dogs are domesticated domestic animals, which become one of the important assets of people's families. People do show extraordinary wisdom and strength in the domestication of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and dogs. For example, the word "raise" consists of: sheep + food, meaning to feed the sheep, which reveals that the essential feature of raising is to feed the sheep, so that the sheep can survive. People not only raise sheep, but also raise cattle, horses, pigs and other large livestock.

雞鴨鵝等動物，是先祖們在遊獵階段和遊牧階段馴化而來的家禽。雞字有兩種比較普遍的寫法：其一是鷄（奚＋鳥），另一是雞（奚＋隹）。這兩種寫法，是有所差異的，二者相同之處在於都有“奚”的部首，而奚由：爫（人的手）＋么（糸的一半，指的是纖維做成的繩索）＋大（這裡指的是人的一雙手），指的是將雞用繩索捆綁起來加以馴養。而鳥和隹兩種部首，儘管二者寫法之間有差異，但講的都是我們熟知的動物——隹（短尾巴的鳥，例如雉），以及鳥（長尾巴的鳥，例如孔雀，野雞）。鷄（奚＋鳥）和雞（奚＋隹）正是先祖們馴化出來的家禽。

Chickens, ducks, geese and other animals were domesticated by their ancestors in the hunting and nomadic stages. There are two common ways to write chicken: one is chicken (Xi + bird), the other is chicken (Xi + good). These two ways of writing are different. What they have in common is that they both have the radical of "Xi," and the reason for this is that Xi Yi (man's hand) + what (in other words, a rope made of fiber) + big (in this case, a pair of hands of a human being), Refers to the chicken tied up with a rope for domestication. And the birds and the good ones, though they are written differently, are all about animals that we know very well (a bird with a short tail, such as a pheasant) And birds (birds with long tails, such as peacocks, pheasants) Chickens (Xi + birds) and chickens (Xi + Tzu) were domesticated fowl of their ancestors.

再有，以家為例，家字由“宀+豕”組成。這是農耕文明的具體體現，這也是農耕文明與遊牧文明有著重大區別的一個表現。遊牧文明中，人們逐水草而居，居無定所，不會有固定的住宅，同時，遊牧部落也是不會去飼養豕（也就是豬）的；遊牧部落習慣驅趕放牧著牛馬羊等動物，斷不會把豕圈養起來，豕也不會像牛馬羊那樣比較好驅趕、放牧的。“家”字的上方（“宀”），表示的是房屋的上層，下方“豕”則是家庭飼養豕的地方。至今在我國一些比較偏遠的地方，仍然能夠看到在家庭的住宅裡，上層住人，下層飼養豬等家畜。這種做法的好處，可以防止野獸偷食家畜。因為，一旦有這類情況發生，主人可以憑藉住在樓上的優勢，給野獸以打擊和恫嚇，野獸一般都會逃走，家畜就可以太平無事。這種飼養方法，可以給家庭增加不少副業收入，貼補家庭生活之用。

In addition, take the family as an example, the word "family" is composed of a "ragweed". This is the concrete embodiment of farming civilization, and it is also a manifestation of great difference between farming civilization and nomadic civilization. In the nomadic civilization, people lived by water and grass, and there were no fixed houses. At the same time, nomadic tribes would not raise pigs. Nomadic tribes are used to herding animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, and other animals, and they will never keep them in captivity, nor will they be as easily herded and herded as cattle, horses and sheep. The top of the word "home" means the upper floor of the house, and the lower part is the place where the family keeps the ragweed. So far in our country In more remote areas, you can still see livestock in family homes, upper-class people, lower-level pigs and so on. The benefits of this practice can prevent wild animals from stealing livestock. For once this happens, the master may, by virtue of the advantage of living upstairs, strike and intimidate the beast, which generally escapes, and the livestock will be at peace. This kind of raising method, can increase a lot of sideline income to family, complement the use of family life.

例如，畜字也很有韻味，這是由“亠＋么＋田”組成的畜字，么是繩索，“亠＋么＋田”是將牲畜（chu）用繩索栓在田中圈養的意思。只有在農耕文明中才有田，田中放養牲畜是農副業的一大發明。而儲蓄一詞的“蓄”字由：“艹＋亠＋么＋田”組成，含意是不斷給圈養在田中的牲畜以食物——草料等，那麼牲畜就可以存活下來了，到了需要宰殺這些牲畜的時候就可以隨時宰殺它們了。“牲畜”兩個字，表達的是在田中馴養牛等動物，目的是讓它們活下來給人們幹活。

For example, the animal character also has a lasting appeal. This is a livestock character made up of "I + field," which is a rope, and "I + what + field" means that the (chu) of livestock is tied up in captivity with a rope in the field. Only in farming civilization, farming livestock farming is a major invention. The word "storage" of the word "savings" consists of: "Zang + I + what + field", which means that livestock in captivity are continuously fed with food-forage and so on, so that livestock can survive. When they need to be slaughtered, they can be slaughtered at any time. The word "livestock" means that animals such as cattle are domesticated in the field. The purpose of the word "livestock" is to allow animals such as cattle to be domesticated in the field. They live to work for people.

古漢字中，農耕文明還創造出一些很抽象的字詞。比如，什麼是利益，利字由“禾+刂”組成，農民用刀來收割成熟了的禾苗，當然利益很大，有了收割下來的糧食，大家就可以有糧食可以吃，可以養蠶織布，有衣服可以穿。再則，種出了糧食可以換衣物；或者種出麻等經濟作物，以及養蠶繅絲，進而可以製作衣服；大家可以進行商品交換。

In ancient Chinese characters, agricultural civilization also created some very abstract words. For example, the word "grain government" consists of what interests are, and farmers use knives to harvest ripe gramines.Of course, the benefits are very great. With the grain harvested, everyone can have grain to eat, silkworms can be raised to weave cloth, and clothes can be worn. Moreover, grain can be planted to change clothes; or cash crops such as hemp can be planted, and silk reeled from sericulture, which can then be used to make clothes. Everyone can exchange goods.

“思想”一詞的“思”字，思字由“田+心”組成，表達的是農民要圍繞著種田把糧食打出來吃，要養蠶織布，因而需要不停頓地思索，如何耕地、耙地、播種、灌溉、管理禾苗、除草、施肥、收割、貯藏，選種，準備來年擴大農業生產。如果遇到災年，還得思考如何進行抗旱排澇，如何撲滅蟲災等等。

The word "thought" of the word "thought", which is composed of "the heart of the field," means that farmers must round the field to eat grain and to raise silkworms to weave cloth, so they need to think without pause about how to cultivate, rake, sow, and irrigate. Manage seedlings, weeding, fertilization, harvesting, storage, seed selection, and prepare to expand agricultural production in the coming year. If you encounter a disaster, you have to think about how to fight drought and waterlogging, how to extinguish pests, and so on.

農（農）字由“曲+辰”組成，曲表達著農田區域中溝渠縱橫，而辰則是龍的化身，表明農業對於龍的極端依賴。古代時農業落後，靠天吃飯，龍代表著老天爺來管理著農業，龍只有努力工作，農業才能夠普降甘霖，風調雨順，保證農業的豐收。

The word "agriculture" is composed of "qu Chen"， which expresses the vertical and horizontal ditches in the farmland area, while Chen is the embodiment of the dragon, indicating the extreme of agriculture to the dragon. In ancient times, agriculture was backward, relying on the day to eat, the dragon represented the Lord of Heaven to manage agriculture. Only when the dragon worked hard could agriculture be able to bring down the rain and ensure a bumper harvest.

由龍字可以組成“隴”、“壠”、“籠”、“朧”等一系列與農耕經濟相關字。“隴”字由“阝+龍”組成，“阝”是丘陵起伏的樣子，“隴”字表達的是丘陵起伏如同飛舞著的龍的樣子。“壠”字由“土

A series of characters related to farming economy can be made up of dragon characters, long characters, cage characters and so on. The word "long" is composed of the dragon, which is the ups and downs of hills. The word "long" is composed of a "dragon", which expresses the twists and turns of the dragon, as if it were flying like a dragon. The word "cage" is composed of "bamboo dragon" and represents a bamboo cage with a head, tail, body and dragon shape. The character "Yuelong", expressed in the moonlight flying dragon, of course looks hazy.

農耕經濟而形成的大量的字詞，有不少與農業、農田等字相關，比如富裕的“富”字，幸福的“福”字，逼迫的“逼”字，這些字中都有“田”部首，離不開“田”部首；而其中的“口”部首，則表達了農耕中的勞動力、人口。勞動力與可耕種的田（熟土），這本身就是創造出農耕經濟的財富來的。又如“富裕”一詞，不僅“富”字與農耕緊密聯繫在一起，而且“裕”字也與農耕緊密聯繫在一起。“裕”字由“衤+谷”組成，古代從農耕中取得衣服，那時主要是種麻，麻織品是很粗糙的織物，可以蔽體，難以禦寒；而穀物則是農耕的產物。

A large number of words and expressions formed by farming economy are related to the characters of agriculture and farmland, such as the rich word, the happy word "fortune", and the forced word "forcing", all of which have the "field" radical, which cannot be separated from the "field" radical. And one of the "mouth" radical, then expressed in the farming labor force, the population. The labor force and the arable land, in itself, create the wealth of the farming economy. For example, the word "rich" is closely related not only to farming, but also to farming. The word "Yu" is made up of "Kugu", which in ancient times obtained clothes from farming. At that time, it was mainly hemp, and hemp was a rough fabric that could shield itself from the cold, while grain was the product of farming.

至於累字，累字由“田+糸”組成，表明農民在田中為養蠶（“糸”）而不停地幹活，好辛苦，好累啊！

禾苗、與禾相關的糧食作物，都是農業的具體表現，也是農耕文明高度關注的大事。

在《新編小學生字典》（人民教育出版社1999年增訂版，下同）一書中，禾字部首的字共有88個（還有5個簡體字）。禾、利、禿、秀、私、稈、秈xian、秉、季、委、秠、秒、香、秭、科、穅、秋、秤cheng、秦、秣mo、秫、乘、租、積、秧、秩、秘、秸、穭lv、穗、穟、穢hui、移、粳、嵇、稍、程、粰、稀、秫、黍、稅、稂、稜、稞、秥、稔ren、稚zhi、稗、稠、穎、酥、穌、稬nuo、稭jie、稱（稱）、穜、種（種）、穩、榖、稭jie、稽ji、稷、稻、黎、稼 穡jiase、稿、蒿、積（積）、穆、穊ji、稟bing、穧、稘、穅、醾、穗、黏、稰xu、稸、穫、穠（穠）、馥、穩、龢（和）、穰、秴。

As for the tired words, the tired words are composed of the “Tian + Wan”, which indicates that the farmers are working for the silkworm (“to make a difference”) in the field, so that it is hard and tired.

Gramineous seedlings, grain crops related to grain, are both specific manifestations of agriculture and a great deal of concern for farming civilization.

In the new edition of the Dictionary of Primary School students (1999 revision of the people's Education Press, the same below), there are 88 characters (5 simplified characters). Hehe, Li, bald, Xiu, Private, culm, Indica xian, Beng, Ji, Wei, Hu, Sang, Xiang, Xi, Ke, Pu, Qiu, Li cheng, Qin, mo, Koh, multiply, Rent, Product, Seedling, Rank, Secret, Straw, Yi lv, ear, Fry hui, shift, Japonica, Ji, slightly, Cheng, Li, lean, sorghum, millet, tax, rump, ridge, highland barley, roundup, ren, young zhi, paspalum, thick, crisp, crisp nuo, stover jie,. , ji, grass, rice, grain, straw, jie, ji, grass, rice, Li, Jiadong jiase, artemisia, Jinji, Mu, ji, bing, were called "bing," Wu "," tassel "," stickiness "," xu, "harvest", "Nong", "Fu", "Wen", "Kotewall" (and), Range.

這裡對農業文明形成的一些古漢字加以深入的闡述。

例如，移字由“禾+多”組成，糧食作物的禾苗擁擠在一起，是難以長出好莊稼的，因此，應當將多餘的禾苗移走。這就是“移”字的本義所在。租字由“禾+且”組成，表達的是用雄性家畜配種時，受益方（租借方）應當給以施惠方（“且”的被租借方）以適當的報酬——“禾”（即糧食）。盉字則是表達器皿中收藏著糧食的意思。

As for the tired words, the tired words are composed of the “Tian + Wan”, which indicates that the farmers are working for the silkworm (“to make a difference”) in the field, so that it is hard and tired.

Gramineous seedlings, grain crops related to grain, are both specific manifestations of agriculture and a great deal of concern for farming civilization.

In the new edition of the Dictionary of Primary School students (1999 revision of the people's Education Press, the same below), there are 88 characters (5 simplified characters). Hehe, Li, bald, Xiu, Private, culm, Indica xian, Beng, Ji, Wei, Hu, Sang, Xiang, Xi, Ke, Pu, Qiu, Li cheng, Qin, mo, Koh, multiply, Rent, Product, Seedling, Rank, Secret, Straw, Yi lv, ear, Fry hui, shift, Japonica, Ji, slightly, Cheng, Li, lean, sorghum, millet, tax, rump, ridge, highland barley, roundup, ren, young zhi, paspalum, thick, crisp, crisp nuo, stover jie,. , ji, grass, rice, grain, straw, jie, ji, grass, rice, Li, Jiadong jiase, artemisia, Jinji, Mu, ji, bing, were called "bing," Wu "," tassel "," stickiness "," xu, "harvest", "Nong", "Fu", "Wen", "Kotewall" (and), Range.

委字（“姀”字與“委”字兩個字的基本意思相同），表達的是“禾+女”。在農田中工作（或者給農田除草、或者施肥等）的女子，需要蹲下身子，這樣從外面的人看起來，這個婦女就顯得矮下來了。在古漢字中，正是由這個“委”字而組成一系列的古漢字。比如，

The word "Wei" (the basic meaning of the word "Wei" and the word "Wei") is expressed as "Wo Nu". A woman who works in a field (or weeding, fertilizing, etc.) needs to crouch down so that she looks short from the outside. In ancient Chinese characters, it is from the word "commission" and composed of a series of ancient Chinese characters. For example, a short character is composed of a "arrow", which refers to an arrowhead, usually three or five centimeters in length. It refers to a woman who is squatting beside a gramineous seedling and whose height is reduced by more than half as a result of squatting. Therefore, "arrow committee" It becomes a man of short stature. Certificate.

魏字由“委+鬼”字組成，鬼字代表北方的意思，委字本義指的是禾苗旁邊幹活的婦女，那麼魏字指的就是北方種植莊稼的地方，雖然比不上魚米之鄉，但是也是一個可以稱為糧倉的好地方。古代中國境內的魏國，指的是現今河南、山西、河北三省結合部，那是黃河兩岸的錦繡河山。

The word Wei is composed of the word "Wei Ghost", which represents the meaning of the north. The original meaning of the word refers to the women working next to the grass seedlings. Then the word Wei refers to the place where crops are grown in the north, although it is not comparable to the hometown of fish and rice. But it's also a good place to call it a granary. In ancient China, Wei refers to the three provinces of Henan, Shanxi and Hebei, which are the rich rivers and mountains on both sides of the Yellow River.

倭字是由“亻+委”組成，這個字的本義是指人個子矮小，像蹲在禾苗旁幹活的婦女那樣個頭矮小的意思。這個字在古代又專指倭人——古代的日本人，東漢時皇帝劉秀稱日本國為“倭奴國”，在東漢時皇帝劉秀曾經給倭奴國發過倭奴國國王金印，這枚古代的金印已經在日本國挖掘出土。

The word "Japanese" is made up of "you Committee", which means a short person, as small as a woman crouching beside a grass seedling. This word also refers to Japanese in ancient times. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Xiu called Japan a "Japanese slave country." in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Xiu once issued a gold seal to the Japanese slave kingdom, and this ancient gold seal has been excavated and unearthed.

還有“秦”字，實際上是眾人用雙手秉持禾苗的樣子（多指收割的樣子），也表示糧食作物得到豐收的情景。因為古代秦時的八百里關中平原是中國的糧倉，也是秦國的心腹地帶，因此，人們也用“秦”來代指關中平原這個大糧倉。而“臻”字由“至+秦”組成，“臻於至善”詞組表達的是：糧食作物能夠達到像秦關中平原糧食那樣的產量和質量，這就是到頂了，到最好水平了。

The word Wei is composed of the word "Wei Ghost", which represents the meaning of the north. The original meaning of the word refers to the women working next to the grass seedlings. Then the word Wei refers to the place where crops are grown in the north, although it is not comparable to the hometown of fish and rice. But it's also a good place to call it a granary. In ancient China, Wei refers to the three provinces of Henan, Shanxi and Hebei, which are the rich rivers and mountains on both sides of the Yellow River.

“米”是糧食的總稱。稻米、高粱米、粟米、黏米等都可以表現為“米”，因此，說到米，指的就是整個糧食的“米”。農耕的目的就是要獲得“米”。因此，古漢字中很注意表達出“米”字部首的各個字。

Rice is a general term for grain. Rice, sorghum, corn and sticky rice can all be expressed as "rice". Therefore, when it comes to rice, it means "rice" of the whole grain. The purpose of farming is to obtain rice. Therefore, ancient Chinese characters pay great attention to the expression of the "rice" word radicals of each word.

在《新編小學生字典》一書中，米字部首的字共有51個（還有7個簡體字）。

米、糶（糶）tiao、糴（糴）di、類、籽、粃、敉、粉、料、粑、粘、粗、粨、粒、粟、粞、粵、餈、粢、粧、粥zhou、粳、粲、粱、精、粼、粽、粹、糊、粽（粽）、餱、糌zan、餈ci、糅rou、糟、糙、糕、糞（糞）、糖、糗qiu、糠、糝（糝）san、糧（糧）、糯、糥、粿、糆、鬻yu、糲（糲）、糨、糵nie.

榖、谷、豊、豐、麥（麥）、麵、麵、粟su、謎、醚等表達糧食或者與糧食相關的字，同樣是農耕經濟的真實反映。

In the new elementary school dictionary, there are 51 characters (and 7 simplified characters) with Chinese characters.

Rice, tiao, di, seed, paste, rice, powder, material, cake, paste, coarse, grain, millet, product, Guangdong, cici, cu, makeup, porridge, zhou, japonica, charm, sorghum, essence, sparkling, Zongzi, essence, paste, zongzi, zan, Cici ci, is a mixture of rou, grains, rough, cake, feces, sugar, embarrassing qiu, bran, grits san, grain, glutinous rice, rice paste, kuikuih, Yu yu, hard (hard)

It is also a true reflection of the farming economy, such as the expression of grain or food-related words, such as the grain, the grain, the millet, the millet, the wheat, the wheat, the wheat, the millet, the millet, the riddle, the ether and the like.

棉、麻、薯、瓜、果、蔬、菜、莧、菇、菰等字，表達的是棉麻以及瓜果蔬菜等農業作物。

Cotton, hemp, potato, melon, fruit, vegetables, amaranth, mushrooms, wild rice and other words, the expression is cotton and seeds and vegetables and other agricultural crops.

農耕文明中很有代表性的字是表達農耕活動的那些字。比如耕耘、蒔、犁、耙等字，清楚地表達出農耕經濟活動是豐富多彩和生動活潑的。

The most representative words in farming civilization are those that express farming activities. For example, ploughing, raking and other words clearly show that farming economic activities are colorful and lively.

在古漢字中，“耒”的工具的出現，以及與“耒”相關的其他大量農器具的出現，大大提高了農業的生產效率。在甲骨文中，“耒”是挖土農具的象形字。這是進行農業作業不可缺少的工具。由“耒”字也組成一組農業耕種的字：耒、耕、耘、耖（chao）、耗、耙、耜（si）、耞（jia）、耠（huo）、耮（耮）（lao）、耡（chu）、耥（tang）、耦（ou）、耬（耬）（lou）、耩（jiang）、耨（nou）、耪（pang）、耲（huai）。

In ancient Chinese characters, the appearance of the “to make a difference” 's tools, as well as the emergence of other large agricultural implements related to the “to make a difference”, greatly improved the production efficiency of agriculture. In Oracle, the “to make a difference” is the handwriting of a soil-digging implement. This is an indispensable tool for agricultural operations. the Chinese characters also form a set of words for agricultural cultivation, such as, for example, tillage, cultivation, chao, consumption, rake, lsi, jia, huo, lao, chu, tang, coupling, lou, jiang, nou, 耪(p Ang), huai.

又如，“耕”字由“耒+井”組成。表達的是古代先民，先是用工具挖掘出出水的井，以便供人畜飲水，而後就圍繞著這口井，在井的周圍開荒種地。耕字正是表達出了這種農耕的生動情景。

Also, the “plowing” is composed of a “P + Well”. The expression is the ancient people, first to use the tools to dig out the wells of the water, so as to supply the water of the human livestock, and then surround the well and open the ground around the well. The plowing is a vivid picture of this kind of farming.

“耙”字由“耒+巴”組成，展現出這種叫著耙的農具是由一種帶著扁平形狀的“耒”的工具那樣的農具。

The “rake” is made up of “1 + bar”, showing that the farm implement called a rake is a tool that is made of a tool with a flat-shaped “to make a difference”.

“耘”字由“耒+雲”字組成。雲字表明像雲朵那樣漂浮不定。因為“耘”字表示的就是農民在稻田中幹活，用腳掌或者手掌在稻田裡摸索，以去掉田中的雜草。

還有很多與農耕經濟發展階段密切相關的字詞，限於篇幅，就先談論到這裡。

The word "Yun" is composed of the word "Lei Yun". Cloud characters indicate floating like clouds. Because the word "cultivates" means that farmers work in rice fields, groping in rice fields with the soles or palms of their feet to remove weeds from the fields.

There are also a lot of words closely related to the stage of agricultural economic development, limited space, the first to talk about here.

綜上所述。古漢字的發端、產生與先民處於遊獵階段、遊牧階段密切相關；而古漢字的最終形成和發展、壯大則是與先民處於農耕階段密切相關。換言之，先民們在遊獵文明、遊牧文明階段，給古漢字的產生奠定了基礎，而古漢字在古代世界文明中的確立，則是在農耕文明階段發展的結果。古漢字中的甲骨文，那些感性字（象形字）和部分理性字產生於遊牧階段；但是，古漢字中的絕大多數的理性字的形成則是與農耕文明相關，即形成於農耕階段。

The word "Yun" is composed of the word "Lei Yun". Cloud characters indicate floating like clouds. Because the word "cultivates" means that farmers work in rice fields, groping in rice fields with the soles or palms of their feet to remove weeds from the fields.

There are also a lot of words closely related to the stage of agricultural economic development, limited space, the first to talk about here.

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