天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院:傳統腫瘤標誌物在結直腸癌中的應用現狀

本文作者:段晶晶,鄧婷,巴一(天津醫科大學腫瘤醫院 國家腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心 天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室 天津市惡性腫瘤臨床醫學研究中心,天津 300060)

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【摘要】 結直腸癌是我國常見的消化道惡性腫瘤之一,血清學腫瘤標誌物以其簡便、無創的特點,可輔助結直腸癌的診斷、預後判斷、治療決策制訂和病情監測。隨著近年來分子生物學技術的發展,湧現出眾多與結直腸癌診斷和預後相關的新型標誌物,如循環腫瘤DNA、循環腫瘤細胞、外泌體等,但包括癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)和多種糖類抗原在內的傳統腫瘤標誌物依然在結直腸癌診療過程中具有不可取代的地位。本文將近年來以CEA為主的傳統腫瘤標誌物在結直腸癌診療過程中的應用進行綜述。

【關鍵詞】 結直腸癌;腫瘤標誌物;癌胚抗原;糖類抗原19-9;糖類抗原125


我國結直腸癌的發病率、死亡率在全部惡性腫瘤中均位居第5位[1],是威脅國民健康的重大公共衛生問題。腫瘤標誌物作為特徵性存在於腫瘤細胞或由腫瘤細胞異常產生的物質,或是宿主對腫瘤的刺激反應而產生的物質,其在腫瘤診斷和疾病復發監測中具有重要作用。隨著外泌體、循環腫瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)等新型腫瘤標誌物的出現,學者們也不斷探索其在結直腸癌早期診斷和預後判斷中的作用。但是,以癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)為主的傳統腫瘤標誌物依然在常規臨床診療工作中佔據主要地位,現將近年來傳統腫瘤標誌物在結直腸癌中的應用綜述如下。

1 癌胚抗原

CEA於1965年首次由Gold等[2]從人類結直腸癌組織中分離而來。它是一種胎兒糖蛋白,通常在出生後處於較低水平。但在腫瘤狀態下,血清CEA水平會異常升高。CEA檢測在結直腸癌患者預後判斷和病情監測中具有重要作用,但由於其他疾病患者CEA水平也可能升高[3,4],且許多結直腸癌患者的CEA處於正常水平,因此CEA在結直腸癌篩查和診斷中的價值尚未得到肯定。

1.1 輔助診斷 多項臨床研究評估了CEA檢測在結直腸癌篩查和診斷中的作用。研究顯示,CEA高水平組患者結直腸癌發生率高於CEA水平正常組(4.6%∶1.3%)[5]。但CEA同時也是其他疾病的預測因子,如其他惡性腫瘤、糖尿病、慢性肺病和肝病等[6]。因此,僅利用CEA篩查結直腸癌的價值有限。研究表明,包括CEA、糖類抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)、糖類抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)和前列腺特異性抗原在內的生物標誌物的組合,可進一步提高結直腸癌篩查的靈敏度[7,8]。最新研究發現,由血清CEA、CA19-9、角蛋白1(cytokeratin 1,CK1)和黏蛋白-1(mucin-1,MUC1)水平計算而來的結腸癌評分是一項潛在的、有價值的、無創性指標,可用於早期結腸癌的檢測和篩查[9]。國內學者指出血脂水平[總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipo-p­rotein,HDL)]聯合CEA和CA19-9檢測可作為輔助結腸癌診斷的有效標誌物[10],這為結腸癌的臨床診斷和檢測提供了新的策略。

1.2 預後判斷 CEA水平與結直腸癌患者的預後相關[11]。術前CEA水平升高(>5 ng/ml)預示著結直腸癌有較高的複發率和疾病相關死亡率[12,13]。與術前CEA水平正常的結腸癌患者相比,術前CEA水平升高患者的死亡風險增加62%,兩組5年無病生存率分別為84.6%和69.8%[14],5年總生存(overall sur­v­ival,OS)率分別為74.5%和63.4%[15]。然而,另外一項包含1990—2000年和2001—2004年兩項Dukes C期結直腸癌隊列的研究發現,在2001—2004年結直腸癌隊列中,術前CEA水平與預後無關[16],研究人員推測這可能與輔助化療方案的改進相關。高危Ⅱ期腸癌患者需要接受輔助化療預防復發,T4、低分化、淋巴結清掃數量不足等臨床病理學因素可篩選出高危Ⅱ期腸癌患者,但其預測價值有限。研究發現,根據術前CEA水平和腫瘤出芽分級這兩項指標可更準確地篩選出高危Ⅱ期結腸癌患者[17]。若將術前CEA水平代表的C分期添加至TNM分期中,則可以帶來更準確的預後判斷[18,19]。研究人員通過檢測結直腸癌患者術前CEA、CA19-9、CA125和糖類抗原242(carbohydrate antigen 242,CA242)水平,發現術前腫瘤標誌物水平不高的Ⅲ期結直腸癌患者的預後優於伴有3種及以上腫瘤標誌物水平升高的Ⅱ期結直腸癌患者[20],提示後者更需要輔助治療和密集隨訪。此外,國內學者通過分析16 659例Ⅰ期結腸癌患者發現,伴有CEA水平升高的T1N0M0期結腸癌患者預後明顯較差,此類患者術後也需要密切隨訪[21]。

研究人員認為利用根治性手術切斷直腸癌患者CEA來源後,CEA水平會成倍下降[22]。對於CEA水平呈指數下降的結腸癌患者,其生存明顯優於CEA水平保持升高的患者。故術後CEA水平下降也是一項預後指標[23],與OS率和無病生存率的提高相關[24]。在接受R0切除的Ⅳ期結直腸癌患者中,術後CEA和CA19-9水平升高也與無病生存率降低相關[25]。同時,研究發現CEA水平與循環腫瘤細胞的存在相關[13]。若術後CEA水平未能恢復正常,常提示有殘留或複發性疾病,CEA水平超過10 ng/ml則與轉移性疾病密切相關。研究指出,術後CEA水平/術前CEA水平比值越低的結直腸癌患者預後越好[26]。Konishi等[27]研究發現,術前CEA水平升高,術後CEA水平恢復正常,並非預後不良的指標;但術後CEA水平升高的患者復發風險增加,特別是術後12個月內CEA水平升高的患者。

1.3 疾病復發監測 對於結直腸癌患者,CEA水平升高可能會先於臨床復發出現。最近的薈萃分析顯示,對接受根治術的結直腸癌患者加強監測並無生存獲益[28]。有多項隨機對照試驗曾探索CEA水平對疾病復發的監測效果。研究顯示,對於CEA水平升高的結直腸癌患者,與保守治療相比,採用第二次剖腹手術並無生存優勢,研究提前終止[29]。另有臨床試驗比較了結直腸癌患者接受標準隨訪方案和密集隨訪方案的生存差異[30-33]。在FACs試驗中,密集CEA和CT隨訪提高了複發性疾病的手術切除率,但並無生存獲益[33]。荷蘭的CEAwatch試驗探索了CEA不同的監測頻率對檢測疾病復發和發現可治癒復發能力的影響[31]。研究發現,與對照組(12周/次)相比,密集CEA監測(8周/次)發現可接受R0切除的復發患者更多(35%∶22%)[31],但並未發現生存獲益。

異常的CEA結果提示臨床醫生需對結直腸癌患者進行進一步檢查,但具有臨床意義的血清CEA閾值是有爭議的。一項包含52項研究的薈萃分析對此進行探索,結果發現,以2.5 ng/ml作為CEA閾值時,監測疾病復發的靈敏度和特異度分別為82%和80%;以5 ng/ml作為CEA閾值時,監測疾病復發的靈敏度和特異度分別為71%和88%;以10 ng/ml作為CEA閾值時,監測疾病復發的靈敏度和特異度分別為68%和97%[34]。最終研究人員認為,應以CEA為10 ng/ml作為啟動進一步檢查的閾值。利用術後CEA水平診斷復發的準確性受術前CEA水平的影響。對於接受結腸癌根治術且術前CEA水平正常的患者,術後6個月檢測CEA,當閾值為5 ng/ml時,診斷復發的準確率為89.1%;而對於術前CEA水平升高的患者,其診斷準確率為58.4%,而當以8 ng/ml為閾值時,診斷復發的準確率將提高至75.6%。

1.4 化療效果預測 細胞學實驗發現耐藥的腸癌細胞株會高分泌CEA[35],但治療前CEA水平能否預測化療或放療反應尚未明確。研究發現,與治療前CEA水平<3 ng/ml的患者相比,治療前CEA水平升高(>9 ng/ml)的患者對放化療的靈敏度較低[36]。但也有研究並未發現此相關性[37]。一項針對Ⅰ~Ⅲ期直腸癌患者的回顧性分析顯示,CEA水平升高與新輔助治療反應不佳相關,CEA水平不斷升高的患者病理完全緩解率、腫瘤縮小率和OS率均顯著降低。直腸癌患者接受新輔助放化療後CEA水平降低具有預後價值[38],CEA水平≤5 ng/ml與臨床和病理完全緩解率增加和總體無病生存率提高相關。因此,對於治療後CEA水平依然較高的患者可推薦密集隨訪監測。

Ogata等[39]認為術前CEA水平升高的Ⅱ期腸癌需要輔助化療,但有研究發現術前CEA水平較高的ⅡA期結直腸癌患者接受輔助化療並無生存獲益,且輔助化療期間CEA一過性升高並不影響結直腸癌患者的預後[40,41]。Huang等[42]對447例原發性腫瘤切除並接受化療的轉移性結直腸癌(metastatic colo­r­e­ctal cancer,mCRC)患者進行回顧性分析發現,6個週期化療後CEA水平與治療前CEA水平的比值與客觀緩解率和OS率密切相關。同樣地,在接受一線化療的mCRC患者中,CEA水平變化趨勢與化療效果也密切相關[43]。這表明CEA水平及其變化在評估mCRC患者的治療反應中具有一定作用。在FIRE-3試驗中,CEA趨勢可反映KRAS野生型mCRC患者對靶向治療的反應[24]。對於CEA水平快速下降的患者,相比於接受FOLFIRI方案(伊立替康+5-氟尿嘧啶)聯合貝伐珠單抗,一線接受FOLFIRI方案聯合西妥昔單抗的患者生存更好(25.0個月∶28.7個月)。在西妥昔單抗組中,與CEA無應答者相比,CEA應答者(定義為其水平至少減少75%)生存率更高。Unseld等[44]通過對48例接受瑞戈非尼治療的mCRC患者研究發現,瑞戈非尼療效與血清CEA、CA19-9水平無關。

此外,研究發現CEA過表達可抑制自然殺傷細胞和細胞毒性淋巴細胞的功能,從而抑制抗腫瘤免疫反應,促進腫瘤進展。而在1例非小細胞肺癌患者接受程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)抗體治療過程中,也發現了CEA水平與免疫治療效果的相關性[45]。因僅為個案報道,CEA水平與PD-1抗體療效的相關性仍需進一步證實。

2 糖類抗原

CA19-9是胰腺癌的最佳標誌物,在結直腸癌監測中也有廣泛應用。但其監測結直腸癌的靈敏度低於CEA。Morita等[46]評價血清CA19-9在大腸癌患者中的作用,結果表明CA19-9水平與預後並無相關性。Papk等[47]則發現術前CA19-9水平高的患者較CA19-9水平正常的患者更易伴隨淋巴浸潤和神經浸潤,且腫瘤更多處於晚期、更易復發。有研究通過分析367例Ⅲ期結直腸癌患者發現,術前血清CA19-9水平升高提示結直腸癌患者預後較差,推薦此類患者採用密集隨訪方案[48]。鑑於單一血清學指標預測預後價值不足,研究人員發現可通過術前血清CEA、CA19-9、CA242聯合檢測篩選出高危復發人群[49]。Hashizume等[50]對113例接受一線化療的mCRC患者分析發現,僅治療後血清CA19-9水平與治療效果相關。

CA125是一種高度糖基化的黏蛋白,在80%的卵巢癌組織中觀察到CA125過表達。但CA125並不具有腫瘤特異性,在乳腺癌、肺癌和結直腸癌等其他類型腫瘤中其水平也有升高。有研究通過檢測80例結直腸癌患者術前腫瘤標誌物水平,發現術前血清CA19-9、CEA、CA125水平與結直腸癌分期有關,這三種腫瘤標誌物水平同時升高是結直腸癌患者OS的最不利預測因子,多因素分析發現術前血清CA125水平是影響結直腸癌患者OS的獨立預後因素[51]。

糖類抗原724(carbohydrate antigen 724,CA724)也是一種高分子量糖類抗原,消化系統惡性腫瘤患者血清中CA724水平升高,健康人或良性腫瘤患者血清中CA724水平則較低,因此,CA724在結腸癌的輔助診斷和鑑別診斷中也具有重要價值[52]。

3 其他血液標誌物

除常見的CEA和糖類抗原外,血液中的一些炎性指標也被發現與結直腸癌患者的預後相關,可作為判斷預後的標誌物。

術前中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)被認為是腫瘤患者的預後因素。一項薈萃分析通過對5897例結直腸癌患者分析後發現,術前NLR可作為判斷結直腸癌患者預後的有效指標,NLR的檢測有助於篩選出需要其他輔助治療的高危患者[53]。另外一項薈萃分析通過對13 719例結直腸癌患者分析後發現,術前血小板與淋巴細胞比值(platelet-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)較高的患者OS、無復發生存時間更短[54]。且有學者發現PLR高僅與左半結腸癌患者預後相關,而與右半結腸癌患者預後無關[55]。此外,國內學者利用NLR、

淋巴細胞與單核細胞比率和白蛋白/球蛋白比率構建了用於預測結直腸癌患者生存的Nomog­ram模型,該模型具有良好的預測效能[56]。但血液中炎性指標的預後價值大多基於回顧性分析得出,並無前瞻性研究結果,故其應用於臨床仍需進一步證實。

4 展望

腫瘤標誌物在腫瘤的診斷、預後、治療和監測中具有重要作用。血清腫瘤標誌物檢測以其簡便、無創等優點得到了廣泛應用。近年來,隨著分子生物學技術和腫瘤生物學的發展,許多與診斷、預後和患者生存有關的新型血清腫瘤標誌物被發現,但這些新型標誌物均暫未取代以CEA為代表的傳統腫瘤標誌物在結直腸癌患者診療過程中的地位。在未來臨床工作中,多種傳統腫瘤標誌物的聯合檢測,或與新型腫瘤標誌物的聯合應用,將在結直腸癌患者的診斷、預後、治療和監測中發揮更大作用。

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