千年地宮,神祕鐵盒,裡面藏了?

南京中華門外,曾經名動海內外的明代大報恩寺及其琉璃塔,在一片民居下面,湮沒了數百年。

2008年夏,考古人員在對大報恩寺遺址進行考古發掘時,找到了寺塔的塔基,並在下面發現了一個直徑2.2米的圓形沉井式地宮。

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

In an archaeological excavation in 2008, archaeologists discovered a 2.2-meter-diameter cylinder basement in the historical site of Da Bao'en Temple, where many temples used to stand in the Chinese history.

大報恩寺地宮

地宮裡,距離地面4.2米的地方,有四面石板圍成的一個方框,兩塊蓋板揭開後,一層銅錢散落在一個80釐米長寬的石函(碑)上。

Two slates in the basement were removed to reveal a layer of ancient coins covering a stone tablet, beneath which lied an iron box, which measures half a meter in length and width and 1.3 meters in height.

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

地宮出土的唐宋年間石碑 The stone tablet found

石函裡還有一個58釐米見方的鐵盒子,專家稱這是地宮的心臟,叫“鐵函”。

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

鐵函 The iron box found

地宮是為埋藏“舍利”(佛教高僧遺體火化後的遺存物)在塔基下建的地窖。最初只是將放有舍利的寶函直接埋於地下,以後逐步發展為建地宮埋藏寶函,在唐代以後的佛塔都建有地宮。

大報恩寺塔基地宮的發現,讓考古人員以為找到了朱棣埋下的寶貝,但事情似乎並非如此。

Basements were often found, to house sarira, under Buddhist towers built after Tang dynasty. When archaeologists assumed that the basement belonged to the tower of Da Bao'en Temple built in Ming dynasty, the inscriptions on the stone tablet suggested otherwise.

石函上寫了什麼

石碑上第一行:“金陵長幹寺真身塔藏舍利石函記”。這麼說,發現的不是大報恩寺的地宮,而是北宋長幹寺的。

碑文稱,建塔者為“演化大師可政”,地宮建於宋真宗“大中祥符四年”(1011年),“磚塔高二百尺,八角九層”。

巧合的是,史料記載,宋真宗時,長幹寺住持可政奏報長幹裡一帶佛舍利常常顯靈,經考察屬實,真宗便重修長幹寺,並建9層聖感舍利塔,兩者相互印證。

According to the inscriptions on the stone tablet, the basement was built in 1011 and belonged to the Chang Gan Temple in Song dynasty, a predecessor of Da Bao'en Temple. This seemed to corroborate historical records about Chang Gan Temple in Song dynasty.

碑文中還稱,鐵函內有“聖感舍利十顆”、“佛頂真骨”、“諸聖舍利”,用金棺銀槨盛放,與琉璃、琥珀等佛家“七寶造成阿育王塔”。

The inscriptions also say that the box in the basement contains precious Buddhist holy things, such as parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, an Ashoka Tower and sarira of senior monks.

阿育王塔是什麼

阿育王是古代印度第一個統一王朝孔雀王朝的第三代國王,他在古印度帝王之中具有無與倫比的知名度。

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

阿育王塔

根據記載,在阿育王當國王期間,他後悔自己率領軍隊參加戰爭的殘酷,因此,不僅自己受了五戒,還把佛教立為國教,在釋迦牟尼身後,他又號召世界上都不要發生戰爭,把自己分到的佛祖舍利分給各個國家,一夜之間,在世界上建立84000座寺塔。這,就是佛祖舍利分散的起源。

唐代佛家經典著作《法苑珠林》裡認為,某種意義上,因塔下都是阿育王為奉安釋迦牟尼佛真身舍利所造,所有這樣的塔,都被稱之阿育王塔。

鐵函裡真的有這些寶物嗎?

鐵函為鑄鐵材質,較耐腐蝕。函身分為3段,是分別澆鑄後再拼接而成的。鐵函基本上是一個長方體,當初在製作舍利函時,顯然不希望再有人打開,因此又用鐵水對函蓋和函身接口進行了澆鑄。“硬X光”掃描也沒法穿透鐵函壁,使得這個箱子變得更神秘莫測。

Does the box really contain such treasures?

2008年8月6日,考古人員掀開鐵函頂部的蓋板後,意外地發現下面居然還有一層鐵質夾板。大約2個小時後,考古人員將夾板掀開,發現鐵函內滿是積水,專家組先將積水抽出,當鐵函內的水位下降大約10釐米後,一個用絲綢包裹的尖狀物體浮出水面。


千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

大報恩寺千年鐵函內現鎏金塔:簇新閃光 A gold-plated tower appeared.

The box was made of cast iron and sealed tight with molten iron, which showed that the producer didn't want it opened ever again. To keep whatever in the box under better protection, archaeologists decided to open the box in a way with least damage to the box as a whole.

考古人員小心翼翼地掀開了絲綢的一角,這時,一個鎦金塔的塔身局部顯露出來。在被積水浸泡成暗黑色絲綢的映襯下,鎦金塔閃著幽幽的藍光,從已經顯露的部分看出,鎦金塔保存完好。塔身鑲嵌寶石並雕刻佛像、經文,瘞藏千年仍精美絕倫。

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

七寶阿育王塔

After they carefully removed the cover of the box with a chemical reagent, an iron plate revealed itself. Under the plate, water filled the box. As archaeologists slowly plumped the water out, an object with a spike on top covered with silk, surfaced. When a corner of the silk was lifted, a gold-plated tower appeared.

The tower was exquisitely inlaid with gems and and carved with Buddhist figures and scriptures.

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

鐵函內部

考古人員在函內不但發現了鏡子、水晶球和散落的銅錢,還發現了20多個絲織品小包裹,裡面也包有銅錢、水晶球、寶石等供奉品。

七寶鎦金阿育王塔內的稀世珍寶

阿育王塔真的如地宮石碑記載的一樣,在塔內供奉著珍貴的佛教聖物嗎?

沒錯!塔身內確實供奉有兩套金棺銀槨,其內有“佛頂真骨”、“感應舍利十顆”等稀世佛教聖物,其中佛頂真骨(釋迦牟尼的頭蓋骨),是世界現存唯一一枚佛祖真身頂骨舍利。

Believing that the tower contains holy things just as described by the inscriptions of the stone tablet, archaeologists later, to the witness of Buddhists from all over China, carefully moved a small golden coffin from the tower. And the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni inside the coffin finally made its first appearance to the world after over one thousand years.

2010年中國文化遺產日當天,在海內外高僧大德的見證下,佛教聖物佛頂骨舍利在南京棲霞寺法堂內被從金棺銀槨中隆重請出,佛頂骨舍利“盛世重光”。啟請出來的佛祖聖物被供奉在特製的微觀顯微鏡下,供公眾360度瞻禮。


千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

佛頂骨舍利盛世重光系列活動

佛頂真骨長啥樣?

佛頂真骨不規則,比雞蛋稍微小一些,黃白中隱約透著一點黑,中間還有非常清晰的發孔。

千年地宮,神秘鐵盒,裡面藏了?

佛頂真骨 The parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni

這次啟請,使瘞藏千年的佛教聖物盛世重光,金棺銀槨內的佛頂骨舍利及感應舍利,與碑刻銘文記載相互印證,完全一致。

Besides the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, other relics mentioned in the stone inscriptions were also discovered. It was indeed surprising that the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, the only one known so far in the world, is kept in Chinese city Nanjing all the time instead of in India.

佛頂真骨為何出現在南京?

據專家稱,在佛教典籍、歷史文獻中屢有記載:釋迦牟尼荼毗(即涅槃)後,其真身舍利被摩揭陀國、迦毗羅衛等八國建塔供養。

阿育王即位後,重新分佛舍利供養。據唐代僧人釋道世《法苑珠林》記載,中國有19處阿育王塔供奉佛舍利,金陵長幹寺為其一。

北宋真宗年間,下詔重修長幹寺與佛塔,新建的佛塔敕名“聖感舍利塔”,長幹寺後改稱天禧寺。宋李之儀在《天禧寺新建法堂記》中明確記載天禧寺塔中供奉有釋迦牟尼真身舍利。

現在已知的佛頂骨,全世界只有一塊,它不在古印度,而在中國,太神奇了有沒有?這也側面反映了我國曆史上,人們通過海陸絲綢之路,進行了活躍的中外佛教文化交流。

Source: WeChat(絲路雲帆)


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