千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

南京中华门外,曾经名动海内外的明代大报恩寺及其琉璃塔,在一片民居下面,湮没了数百年。

2008年夏,考古人员在对大报恩寺遗址进行考古发掘时,找到了寺塔的塔基,并在下面发现了一个直径2.2米的圆形沉井式地宫。

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

In an archaeological excavation in 2008, archaeologists discovered a 2.2-meter-diameter cylinder basement in the historical site of Da Bao'en Temple, where many temples used to stand in the Chinese history.

大报恩寺地宫

地宫里,距离地面4.2米的地方,有四面石板围成的一个方框,两块盖板揭开后,一层铜钱散落在一个80厘米长宽的石函(碑)上。

Two slates in the basement were removed to reveal a layer of ancient coins covering a stone tablet, beneath which lied an iron box, which measures half a meter in length and width and 1.3 meters in height.

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

地宫出土的唐宋年间石碑 The stone tablet found

石函里还有一个58厘米见方的铁盒子,专家称这是地宫的心脏,叫“铁函”。

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

铁函 The iron box found

地宫是为埋藏“舍利”(佛教高僧遗体火化后的遗存物)在塔基下建的地窖。最初只是将放有舍利的宝函直接埋于地下,以后逐步发展为建地宫埋藏宝函,在唐代以后的佛塔都建有地宫。

大报恩寺塔基地宫的发现,让考古人员以为找到了朱棣埋下的宝贝,但事情似乎并非如此。

Basements were often found, to house sarira, under Buddhist towers built after Tang dynasty. When archaeologists assumed that the basement belonged to the tower of Da Bao'en Temple built in Ming dynasty, the inscriptions on the stone tablet suggested otherwise.

石函上写了什么

石碑上第一行:“金陵长干寺真身塔藏舍利石函记”。这么说,发现的不是大报恩寺的地宫,而是北宋长干寺的。

碑文称,建塔者为“演化大师可政”,地宫建于宋真宗“大中祥符四年”(1011年),“砖塔高二百尺,八角九层”。

巧合的是,史料记载,宋真宗时,长干寺住持可政奏报长干里一带佛舍利常常显灵,经考察属实,真宗便重修长干寺,并建9层圣感舍利塔,两者相互印证。

According to the inscriptions on the stone tablet, the basement was built in 1011 and belonged to the Chang Gan Temple in Song dynasty, a predecessor of Da Bao'en Temple. This seemed to corroborate historical records about Chang Gan Temple in Song dynasty.

碑文中还称,铁函内有“圣感舍利十颗”、“佛顶真骨”、“诸圣舍利”,用金棺银椁盛放,与琉璃、琥珀等佛家“七宝造成阿育王塔”。

The inscriptions also say that the box in the basement contains precious Buddhist holy things, such as parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, an Ashoka Tower and sarira of senior monks.

阿育王塔是什么

阿育王是古代印度第一个统一王朝孔雀王朝的第三代国王,他在古印度帝王之中具有无与伦比的知名度。

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

阿育王塔

根据记载,在阿育王当国王期间,他后悔自己率领军队参加战争的残酷,因此,不仅自己受了五戒,还把佛教立为国教,在释迦牟尼身后,他又号召世界上都不要发生战争,把自己分到的佛祖舍利分给各个国家,一夜之间,在世界上建立84000座寺塔。这,就是佛祖舍利分散的起源。

唐代佛家经典著作《法苑珠林》里认为,某种意义上,因塔下都是阿育王为奉安释迦牟尼佛真身舍利所造,所有这样的塔,都被称之阿育王塔。

铁函里真的有这些宝物吗?

铁函为铸铁材质,较耐腐蚀。函身分为3段,是分别浇铸后再拼接而成的。铁函基本上是一个长方体,当初在制作舍利函时,显然不希望再有人打开,因此又用铁水对函盖和函身接口进行了浇铸。“硬X光”扫描也没法穿透铁函壁,使得这个箱子变得更神秘莫测。

Does the box really contain such treasures?

2008年8月6日,考古人员掀开铁函顶部的盖板后,意外地发现下面居然还有一层铁质夹板。大约2个小时后,考古人员将夹板掀开,发现铁函内满是积水,专家组先将积水抽出,当铁函内的水位下降大约10厘米后,一个用丝绸包裹的尖状物体浮出水面。


千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

大报恩寺千年铁函内现鎏金塔:簇新闪光 A gold-plated tower appeared.

The box was made of cast iron and sealed tight with molten iron, which showed that the producer didn't want it opened ever again. To keep whatever in the box under better protection, archaeologists decided to open the box in a way with least damage to the box as a whole.

考古人员小心翼翼地掀开了丝绸的一角,这时,一个镏金塔的塔身局部显露出来。在被积水浸泡成暗黑色丝绸的映衬下,镏金塔闪着幽幽的蓝光,从已经显露的部分看出,镏金塔保存完好。塔身镶嵌宝石并雕刻佛像、经文,瘗藏千年仍精美绝伦。

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

七宝阿育王塔

After they carefully removed the cover of the box with a chemical reagent, an iron plate revealed itself. Under the plate, water filled the box. As archaeologists slowly plumped the water out, an object with a spike on top covered with silk, surfaced. When a corner of the silk was lifted, a gold-plated tower appeared.

The tower was exquisitely inlaid with gems and and carved with Buddhist figures and scriptures.

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

铁函内部

考古人员在函内不但发现了镜子、水晶球和散落的铜钱,还发现了20多个丝织品小包裹,里面也包有铜钱、水晶球、宝石等供奉品。

七宝镏金阿育王塔内的稀世珍宝

阿育王塔真的如地宫石碑记载的一样,在塔内供奉着珍贵的佛教圣物吗?

没错!塔身内确实供奉有两套金棺银椁,其内有“佛顶真骨”、“感应舍利十颗”等稀世佛教圣物,其中佛顶真骨(释迦牟尼的头盖骨),是世界现存唯一一枚佛祖真身顶骨舍利。

Believing that the tower contains holy things just as described by the inscriptions of the stone tablet, archaeologists later, to the witness of Buddhists from all over China, carefully moved a small golden coffin from the tower. And the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni inside the coffin finally made its first appearance to the world after over one thousand years.

2010年中国文化遗产日当天,在海内外高僧大德的见证下,佛教圣物佛顶骨舍利在南京栖霞寺法堂内被从金棺银椁中隆重请出,佛顶骨舍利“盛世重光”。启请出来的佛祖圣物被供奉在特制的微观显微镜下,供公众360度瞻礼。


千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

佛顶骨舍利盛世重光系列活动

佛顶真骨长啥样?

佛顶真骨不规则,比鸡蛋稍微小一些,黄白中隐约透着一点黑,中间还有非常清晰的发孔。

千年地宫,神秘铁盒,里面藏了?

佛顶真骨 The parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni

这次启请,使瘗藏千年的佛教圣物盛世重光,金棺银椁内的佛顶骨舍利及感应舍利,与碑刻铭文记载相互印证,完全一致。

Besides the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, other relics mentioned in the stone inscriptions were also discovered. It was indeed surprising that the parietal-bone relic of Sakyamuni, the only one known so far in the world, is kept in Chinese city Nanjing all the time instead of in India.

佛顶真骨为何出现在南京?

据专家称,在佛教典籍、历史文献中屡有记载:释迦牟尼荼毗(即涅槃)后,其真身舍利被摩揭陀国、迦毗罗卫等八国建塔供养。

阿育王即位后,重新分佛舍利供养。据唐代僧人释道世《法苑珠林》记载,中国有19处阿育王塔供奉佛舍利,金陵长干寺为其一。

北宋真宗年间,下诏重修长干寺与佛塔,新建的佛塔敕名“圣感舍利塔”,长干寺后改称天禧寺。宋李之仪在《天禧寺新建法堂记》中明确记载天禧寺塔中供奉有释迦牟尼真身舍利。

现在已知的佛顶骨,全世界只有一块,它不在古印度,而在中国,太神奇了有没有?这也侧面反映了我国历史上,人们通过海陆丝绸之路,进行了活跃的中外佛教文化交流。

Source: WeChat(丝路云帆)


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