2020將是一個劃時代的年份，高三英語試卷的難度也有了劃時代標籤---難。本期以2020屆上海市浦東新區高三英語一模中的完形填空為例，進行演繹這種“難”！

2020上海浦東高三英語一模的完型填空

The networked computer is an amazing device. It is the first media machine that serves as the mode of production (you can make stuff), means of distribution (you can upload stuff to the network), site of 41 (you can download stuff and interact with it), and place of praise and criticism (you can comment on the stuff you have downloaded or uploaded). 42 , the computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to 43 the computer, we must also act with caution. This is because the networked computer has started a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active 44 —whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

All animals download, but only a few upload anything besides faces and their own bodies. Humans are 45 in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous( 過 剩 的 ) material goods (paintings, sculpture and architecture) and superfluous experiences (music, literature, religion and philosophy). 46 , it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but 47 to move beyond downloading is to rob oneself of a defining ingredient of humanity.

Despite the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still 48 download mode, brought about by television watching. Even after the 49 of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining satisfied to just

The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to 51 the flow caused by TV viewing, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading. The computer offers the opportunity to bring about a complete 52 from the culture of television and a shift from a consumption model to a production model. This is a historic opportunity. Fifty years of television dominance has given birth to an unhealthy culture. The 53 is now in our collective grasp. It involves controlling our intake, or downloading, and 54 our levels of activity—uploading.

Of course people will still download. Nobody uploads more than a tiny percentage of the culture they consume. But using the networked computer as a download-only device, or even a download-mainly device, is a（n） 55 opportunity that history affords us. Therefore, the goal must be to establish a balance between consumption and production.

分析

一、語篇層面“難度”分析

通過對該語料分析，如上表所示，本篇語料的易讀指數為40.97，位於（31-50）難的範圍。

老師，這是我上高中以來，第一次考試遇到這個易讀指數。文章都能看懂就是做不對，

整個文章21個句子，平均每個句子約20個詞，每個詞約5個字母。難度詞所佔比例為20.84%。

這些20.84%的詞恰巧就是在試卷中經常出考點的詞彙。如break,cure,reverse等。

不對吧！

Reverse這個詞我在考綱中背過，其作形容詞和名詞。請看：

它竟然還可以作動詞。

高考詞彙具體看什麼呀？

目前上海高中英語的詞彙書不下十多個品種，為什麼我看的還是考試做錯呀？

1.方法：核心詞彙和拓展詞彙，進行舉一反十。

例如：

核心詞彙（1）： reverse

拓展詞彙（11）：

irreversible irreversibly reversal reversals reversed reverser reversers reverses reversible reversibly reversing

2.看針對性的詞彙書，你目前就以這個reverse這個詞查查你手中的詞彙書，竟然發現只有交大版的《上海高考英語詞彙手冊》（便攜版）的326頁以及《2020上海市高考英語考綱詞彙用法手冊》的226頁中有這個詞的詳細用法和動詞的例句。

根據reverse用法進行其形容詞、副詞和轉化的名詞以及三個短語。而且其例句中給的有其動詞用法。如下圖，下次再看什麼詞彙書不用說，就知道選擇什麼書了吧。

二、段落層面“難度”分析

將語料進行段落的分析，得出如下數據

1) Paragraph beginning with: "The networked computer is an amazing device. It is the first media machine that serves as the mode of production (you can make stuff), means ofSentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 3.7 more words...."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 56.75
• Fog: 15.71
• Flesch-Kincaid: 11.31
• Dale-Chall: 9.87

Why this paragraph's readability may be higher than the rest of the passage:

• Sentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 3.7 more words.

2) Paragraph beginning with: "But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. This is because the networked computer has started aSentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 6.2 more words...."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 44.26
• Fog: 16.64
• Flesch-Kincaid: 13.67
• Dale-Chall: 9.42

Why this paragraph's readability may be higher than the rest of the passage:

• Sentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 6.2 more words.

3) Paragraph beginning with: "All animals download, but only a few upload anything besides faces and their own bodies. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make toolsSentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 2.9 more words.Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.2 more characters...."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 29.5
• Fog: 18.33
• Flesch-Kincaid: 14.92
• Dale-Chall: 10.39

Why this paragraph's readability may be higher than the rest of the passage:

• Sentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 2.9 more words.
• Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.2 more characters.

4) Paragraph beginning with: "Despite the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode, brought about by television watchingSentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 10.2 more words.Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.3 more characters...."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 17.77
• Fog: 23.35
• Flesch-Kincaid: 18.36
• Dale-Chall: 10.84

Why this paragraph's readability may be higher than the rest of the passage:

• Sentences in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 10.2 more words.
• Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.3 more characters.

5) Paragraph beginning with: "The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow caused by TV viewing, to encourage thoughtful downloading and,Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.1 more characters...."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 42.83
• Fog: 15.66
• Flesch-Kincaid: 11.14
• Dale-Chall: 10.18

Why this paragraph's readability may be higher than the rest of the passage:

• Words in this paragraph are longer than those in the rest of sample, containing an average of 0.1 more characters.

6) Paragraph beginning with: "Of course people will still download. Nobody uploads more than a tiny percentage of the culture they consume. But using the networked computer as a..."

Readability scores:

• Flesch: 46.75
• Fog: 12.77
• Flesch-Kincaid: 10.15
• Dale-Chall: 9.77

這麼多我看不懂！

不懂不要緊，請看下圖，像不像一個懸崖的“深V”。它就是這個語篇的閱讀難度指數由易到難然後再到中等。這是考驗同學們的認知的曲折理解喔。而且文章中還有不間斷的空格選項。

這個太難了，就是不是完型，我理解都有一個較難的理解過程。我fo了出題者。

而且從語篇的六個段略來說，文章的的閱讀指數也是隨著段略而呈現曲折趨勢，即從56.75到17.77，再到46.75，讀者的認知理解過程出現“深V”形狀。而讀者的相對閱讀級數在10-18以上。

第四段的閱讀級數竟然有18.36。

注意：高考的閱讀級數一般為11左右。

三、詞彙層面“難度”分析

1、低頻詞（9個）

Upload

Interact

Uploaded

Uploading

Stuck

Television

TV

Importantly

Intake

2. 常用詞（58）

Computer

Media

Production

Distribution

Reception

Interact

Criticism

Downloaded

Uploaded

Celebrate

Downloading

Uploading

Consumption

Collective

Imagine

Animals

Anything

Capacity

Superfluous

Material

Architecture

Experiences

Literature

Religion

Philosophy

Precisely

Ultimately

Consuming

Oneself

Defining

Ingredient

Humanity

Possibilities

People

Television

Emergence

Widespread

Social

Pyramid

Commenting

Modifying

Percentage

Remaining

Satisfied

Encourage

Importantly

Meaningful

Opportunity

Historic

Dominance

Unhealthy

Controlling

Increasing

Activity

Nobody

History

Therefore

Establish

那些低頻的詞彙，我還可以湊合看，但是這些大量的多音節詞，要了我的命！

四、句子層面的“難度”分析

1. It is the first media machine that serves as the mode of production (you can make stuff), means of distribution (you can upload stuff to the network), site of reception (you can download stuff and interact with it), and place of praise and criticism (youcan comment on the stuff you have downloaded or uploaded).

翻譯：

它是第一臺媒體機器，作為生產模式（你可以製作素材）、發行方式（你可以上傳素材到網絡）、接收地點（你可以下載素材並與之互動）、表揚和批評地點（你可以評論你下載或上傳的素材）。

結構：

此句為複合句，其中that引導的從句作定語從句中的主語，修飾先行詞media machine，然後是括號在四個定語從句。同時，第四個括號中的定語從句中又包含一個定語從句。

特徵：Hedge words

竟然有這麼多的Hedge words！！！

下面具體介紹一下：

Hedge Words

Fiction Editor Beth Hill

We’ve seen them, we’ve used them, those words that pull us back from the edge, that keep us from laying out our emotions, actions or descriptions in full, unapologetic fashion.

What are these words that restrain us and confine our emotions?

I call them hedge words. As writers, we produce a scene and infuse it with passion and high tension and then, bam! we back off. As if we’re ashamed of the emotion we’ve let loose.

常用的Hedge words:

seem(s)(ed) a bit almost mostly

a little nearly perhaps kind of

somewhat sort of any possibly

maybe suppose probably might

apparently some a touch a tad

partially partly sometimes hardly

例句：

Why not say Ginger smelled like a cesspool after an outbreak of flu rather than Ginger smelled a bit like a cesspool. . . ?

為什麼不說姜在流感爆發後聞起來像糞池，而不是姜聞起來有點像糞池。. . ?

He was kind of like that old, wrinkled man in the classic horror movies.

他有點像經典恐怖電影裡那個滿臉皺紋的老人。

His face bore the same wrinkled skin as that old man in the classic horror movies.

Angus seemed more than a little agitated.

引用

（http://theeditorsblog.net/2010/11/18/hedge-words/）

到底hedge words是什麼鬼東西！！！

hedge words 通俗地理解為“模糊詞”，讓你理解的尺度需要自己結合實際進行掌握。

不說那麼多啦，現在我們看看這篇原文到底是什麼？

原來這篇文章選自2012年碩士研究生英語考試 7選5 閱讀新題型的語篇，然後語篇的微調變成為完型填空考題！

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)___________.

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) ___________. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods— paintings, sculpture and architecture — and superfluous experiences —music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) ___________.

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) ___________.

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) ___________.

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” — creations and experiences to which others adhere.

[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.

[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secretwar between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.

[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.

[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

出題老師，你太信任我們學生有這個水平啦！

我們可以直接跳級，做碩士研究生英語的試卷啦！！！

同學們不要驚慌，下面我們看看這篇原文的解析（簡單解析和詳細解析）

簡單解析：

41.【答案】C

【解析】略讀第一自然段得知這篇文章的主題是科技給人們的生活帶來的便利，重點論述了媒介。此題空在末尾，那麼通讀空前的內容，可以找到特徵詞或者中心詞"creat a fabulous machine"瀏覽七個選項，C項中的"develop such a device"剛好與此對應

42.【答案】D

【解析】此題空在了段落的中間，需要在空前和空後找關聯詞，空前出現了"reason"這個特徵詞，而空後出現了"war"這個特徵詞，瀏覽七個選項，D項的"because"和"war"剛好與此對應，所以答案選D.

43.【答案】A

【解析】此題空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找關聯詞，瀏覽空前可以找到"superfluous material goods" ,而瀏覽下一自然段的句首可找到"download"這個詞;那麼瀏覽七個選項，答案A出現了"these superfluous things"，接下來也提及到了"download"，因此可以鎖定答案A.

44.【答案】F

【解析】此題空在句末，所以需要瀏覽下空前以前下一個自然段的句首，通讀空前的內容可以找到關聯詞"a pyramid of production remains,"，而下一個自然段的段首提到了"television"，那麼瀏覽七個選項，跟此關聯的有兩項E和F,再繼續分析，E項只有"television"這個詞與空後對應，而F項不僅出現了"television"這個詞，而且出現了"this pyramid of production"這個特徵詞，所以，答案為F.

45.【答案】G

【解析】此題空在段末，那麼需要瀏覽下空前的句子，尋找關聯詞，在B和G之間進行選擇，通讀可知，空前的"flow"與G項的"the flow"是相對應的，B項的"applications"在文中沒有提及，所以此題鎖定答案G

引用自 （https://www.educity.cn/english/1990460.html）

詳細解析：

1. 先看選項，瞭解每個選項的大致意思。

2. 再看空格處上下文語境，根據邏輯連貫性和具體的銜接詞和內容據此推測空格處的主要內容。（例如，because句說原因，因此要找到相關的現象、問題描述或銜接表述，如前面可能提到reasons這樣的字眼，並與because句結合分析，推斷上下文是否可以形成正確連貫的邏輯）

3. 在選項和空格上下重複出現的詞彙、詞組（包括變形和同義替換）標註出來，如上文提到machine，下文用such a device來複現。

4. 把指代性質的表述標註出來，如they, it, which, , what, that, those等，根據上下文推測出具體指代對象，在這裡設置題目的可能性很大。

這裡以7選5題型為主進行講解，排序題的思路是相似的，只是要從更宏觀的角度進行掌握，把各段落的主要意思弄清楚，並根據段首段尾的關鍵信息進行定位銜接。把上述的思路和方法通過直觀的效果復現一下，大家自己多體會思考，並嘗試運用在自己的複習過程中。

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. (闡述當今世界科技發達的現狀)

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) [C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.

(第二段空格前描述有一群人創造出了一種神話般無所不能的機器，接著在第三段講述了上段機器的其中一種——計算機，是第二段內容的具體表現。同時注意這兩段中出現的時間信息。第二段The second half of the 20th century，第三段the 21st century，而C選項中的the turn of the millennium（世紀之交）符合上下文的時間順序。)

同義替換與相關指代線索：

C選項句首的they對應a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour。

such a device對應a fabulous machine，an amazing device，machine

時間線索：The second half of the 20th century（20世紀下半葉）——the turn of the millennium（世紀之交）——21st century's culture machine（21世紀）

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) [D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret warbetween downloading and uploading -- between passive consumption and active creation -- whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

(該段段首以but轉折，提出與上段內容在邏輯上不順接的觀點，因此下文需要對其作出解釋。而在空格後出現了it指代並說明it指的是secret war，隨後對其作出解釋，說明在上文出現過這個名詞。)

同義替換與相關指代線索：

D選項This指上一句我們需要謹慎面對計算機（act with caution）這一現象

because也是對這一現象的解釋。

secret war即空格後的it和secret war。

uploading與末句的upload復現

passive consumption與倒數第二句的passive consumption復現

All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods -- paintings, sculpture and architecture -- andsuperfluous experiences -- music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) [A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.

(空格段落前說到大部分動物消耗資料，而人類可以創造資源。“動物”這一字眼在文章前都沒有提及，由此可知它不是文章的主題，此處出現的作用應該是和人類的某種特性相比較，重點放在人類特性的身上，即“人類可以創造並利用工作去……”。下一段首句for all（儘管）…still…含有轉折語氣，因此空格處的內容與下一段的邏輯關係不是順接的。)

同義替換與相關指代線索：

A選項中的superfluous things對應上文的superfluous material goods和superfluous experiences

兩個downloading在上文和下段段首都有體現

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck indownload mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium -- television -- and television is defined by downloading.

（空格前在說很多人仍然停留在下載模式，即生產的人少，下載的人多。下一段只有獨立的兩句話，是對電視這一媒介的具體描述，沒有觀點態度類的信息出現，可見它是上一段內容的具體體現，因此空格處仍是對該段上述內容的進一步闡釋。）

同義替換與相關指代線索：

F選項中的this pyramid of production指代上文中的a pyramid of production，reason即對這一金字塔模式現象的解釋。

兩個television在下段段首有復現

television is defined by downloading中downloading與下段段首的one-way tap是同義轉述，通過邏輯推斷可知。

Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.

(45) [G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

（下段段首直接拋出一個全新的概念meaningful uploading，可推斷上一段有相關的描述。）

同義替換與相關指代線索：

G選項的meaningful uploading與下文meaningful uploading

What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" -- creations and experiences to which others adhere.

恭喜恭喜！！！

再努力下，是不是我們直接可以做英語專業八級試卷啦！

還是繼續刷那本高考詞彙和高考英語真題......！！！

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