Bill Gates
比爾·蓋茨
Yesterday, I did a Reddit Ask Me Anything session on COVID-19. As usual, Redditors asked a lot of smart questions, and it was a great opportunity to have a fact-based discussion about this pandemic and what we can do to prevent the next one. (And as I mentioned in this exchange, it’s nice to have so many positive interactions in such an uncertain time.)
昨天我在Reddit（一個社交新聞站點）的“問我任何事”欄目上做了一場新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的專題問答。像往常一樣，Reddit的網友問了很多聰明的問題，這也是一個很好的機會，讓大家得以基於事實來討論這場大流行病，以及我們能做些什麼來預防下一次的疫情（正如我在這場交流中談到的那樣，在這樣一個不確定的時期，能有如此積極的互動，真是非常好的一次經歷）。
Below is a transcript of all the questions I could get to (lightly edited for length), along with my answers. I’ll be sharing more about COVID-19 here on the Gates Notes and on my social channels. In the meantime, stay healthy and keep washing your hands!
本文就是這些問題以及我所做出的回答（篇幅略有調整)。我將在“蓋茨筆記（gatesnotes.com）”和其他的社交媒體上分享更多關於新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的信息。同時，祝大家保持健康，勤洗手！
1. What about the current crisis worries you the most? What gives you the most hope?
1．當前的疫情危機中，最讓你擔心的是什麼？什麼給了你最大的希望？
The current phase has a lot of the cases in rich countries. With the right actions including the testing and social distancing (which I call “shut down”) within 2-3 months the rich countries should have avoided high levels of infection. I worry about all the economic damage but even worse will be how this will affect the developing countries who cannot do the social distancing the same way as rich countries and whose hospital capacity is much lower.
當前，很多富裕國家也深陷疫情。如果採取合理的措施，包括檢測以及“保持社交距離”（Social Distancing），我稱之為“閉關”（shut down），那麼在2到3個月之內，這些國家應該就能避免大規模感染。我擔心疫情帶來的所有經濟損失，更糟的是，這一切將如何影響發展中國家，他們無法像富裕國家那樣進行隔離，醫療條件也要差很多。
2. Can you explain briefly what most Americans can do to help other Americans in this moment of crisis?
2．你能簡單說說在此危機時刻大多數美國人應該如何幫助他人嗎？
A big thing is to go along with the “shut down” approach in your community so that the infection rate drops dramatically to let us go back to normal as soon as possible. Some people like health care workers will be doing heroic work and we need to support them. We do need to stay calm even though this is an unprecedented situation.
關鍵就是在你的社區採取剛才我提到的“閉關”措施，感染率會因此急劇下降並讓我們的生活儘快回覆正軌。醫護人員的作為堪稱英勇，我們需要支持他們的工作。即使這是一個前所未有的情況，我們也需要時刻保持冷靜。
3. Is there any chance that the 18-month timeline for development of a vaccine can be shortened, and by how much?
3．18個月的疫苗研發週期能縮短嗎？能縮短多少？
This is a great question. There are over 6 different efforts going on to make a vaccine. Some use a new approach called RNA which is unproven. We will have to build lots of manufacturing for the different approaches knowing that some of them will not work. We will need literally billions of vaccines to protect the world. Vaccines require testing to make sure they are safe and effective. Some vaccines like the flu don’t for the elderly.
這是一個很棒的問題。目前同時進行的疫苗研發方式超過6種。有人在採用一種名為RNA的新方法。針對不同的方法，我們都將進行大量研製，因為我們知道有些方法會失敗。我們將需要數十億劑的疫苗來保護世界。疫苗需要經過測試以確保其安全有效。而有些疫苗，如流感疫苗，並不適合老年人接種。
The first vaccines we get will go to health care workers and critical workers. This could happen before 18 months if everything goes well but we and Dr. Fauci and others are being careful not to promise this when we are not sure. The work is going at full speed.
我們獲得的首批疫苗將提供給醫護人員及關鍵崗位的工作人員。如果一切順利，或許用不了18個月，但我們和安東尼·福奇（美國傳染病專家Anthony Fauci博士）以及其他人，都需要謹慎地避免在不確定的情況下做出承諾。疫苗研發的工作正在全速進行。
4. I’d also like to ask the same thing, but with regards to the timeline for an effective treatment.
4．我也想問問關於有效療法的進展。
A therapeutic could be available well before a vaccine. Ideally this would reduce the number of people who need intensive care including respirators. The Foundation has organized a Therapeutics Accelerator to look at all the most promising ideas and bring all the capabilities of industry into play. So I am hopeful something will come out of this. It could be an anti-viral or antibodies or something else.
有效的治療辦法應該會比疫苗早出現。理想的情況下，這將減少需要採用呼吸機等措施的重症監護病例。蓋茨基金會已經組織了一個“治療加速器”（Therapeutics Accelerator）項目來發掘最有前景的治療辦法並彙集整個行業的能力。我期待能催生出有前景的方案，可能是抗病毒藥物，抗體或其他治療辦法。
One idea that is being explored is using the blood (plasma) from people who are recovered. This may have antibodies to protect people. If it works, it would be the fastest way to protect health care workers and patients who have severe disease.
目前正在探索的一個辦法是使用已被治癒病例的血液（血漿），其中或有抗體能起到保護作用。如果確實有效，這將是保護醫護人員和危重症患者的最快方法。
5. As an educator, what is something I can do for my students, especially for my low-income students who don’t have access to technology during this time? I have tried to send reassuring emails (including cat pictures), but I worry about the educational impact, as well as the long-term impact to my students’ wellbeing.
5．作為教育工作者，我能為學生們做些什麼？特別是這段時間無法獲得技術支持的低收入學生。我試過給他們發安慰的郵件（還放上了貓咪的圖片），但還是擔心疫情對教育和學生們的健康會造成長期影響。
It is a huge problem that schools will likely be shut down for the next few months. I am impressed by the creative approaches that many teachers are coming up with to teach remotely. (If you are a teacher reading this, thank you for the work you’re doing.) But I know that not everyone is set up to teach remotely. There are a lot of good online resources out there, including Khan Academy, CommonLit, Illustrative Mathematics, Zearn, and Scholastic. Comcast and other internet connectivity providers are doing special programs to help with access. Microsoft and others are working on getting machines out, but the supply chain is quite constrained. Unfortunately, low-income students will be hurt more by the situation than others so we need to help any way we can.
未來幾個月，學校很可能會關閉，這確實是個大問題。但令我印象深刻的是，很多老師都用到了富有創意的遠程教學方式（如果您就是這樣一位老師，感謝您所做的這項工作）。但我知道，並不是每個人都有條件進行遠程教學。現在線上也有很多優質的教育資源，如可汗學院、CommonLit、圖解數學、Zearn和Scholastic等等。Comcast和其他網絡連通的供應商正在實施專項計劃來幫人獲取這些在線資源。微軟和其他公司也在努力提供硬件，但供應鏈的壓力非常大。不幸的是，這種情況下低收入學生受到的影響更大，我們需要儘可能地對他們提供幫助。
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