1a. Diversity of Native American Groups
1a.美洲土著群體的多樣性
The structures Native Americans called home were extremely varied and often exclusive to tribe or region. These "apartment" style dwellings were the work of Natives of the Southwest.
土著美國人稱之為家的結構千差萬別，通常只屬於部落或地區。這些“公寓式”住宅是西南部原住民的作品。
Since 1492, European explorers and settlers have tended to ignore the vast diversity of the people who had previously lived here. It soon became common to lump all such groups under the term "Indian." In the modern American world, we still do. There are certain experiences common to the survivors of these tribes. They all have had their lands compromised in some way and suffered the horrors of reservation life.
自1492年以來，歐洲的探險家和定居者往往忽視了以前居住在這裡的人們的巨大多樣性。很快，把所有這些群體都歸入“印第安人”這個詞就變得很普遍了。在現代美國世界，我們仍然這樣做。這些部落的倖存者有一些共同的經歷。他們的土地在某種程度上遭到了破壞，並遭受了保護區生活的恐怖。
Language Lessons
語言課
The Natchez chief, known as "Great Sun," was a powerful Indian leader. Unlike some Indian leaders, "Great Sun" ruled as an absolute monarch.
納切斯酋長，被稱為“偉大的太陽”，是一位強大的印度領導人。不像一些印度領導人，“偉大的太陽”作為一個絕對的君主統治。
Stereotyping Indians in this way denies the vast cultural differences between tribes. First, there is the issue of language. The Navajo people of the Southwest and the Cherokees of the Southeast have totally unrelated languages.
以這種方式刻板的印第安人否認了部落之間巨大的文化差異。首先是語言問題。西南部的納瓦霍人和東南部的切羅基人有完全不相關的語言。
There were over 200 North American tribes speaking over 200 different languages. The United States used the uniqueness of the Navajo language to its advantage in World War II. Rather than encrypting radio messages, it proved simpler to use Navajos to speak to each other in their everyday language to convey high-security messages. It worked.
有200多個北美部落講200多種語言。美國利用納瓦霍語的獨特性在第二次世界大戰中發揮了優勢。事實證明，使用納瓦霍人用他們的日常語言互相交談來傳遞高安全性信息比加密無線電信息要簡單得多。它奏效了。
Navajo Code Talkers
納瓦霍語者
Between 1942 and 1945, about 400 Navajos served as code talkers for the U.S. Marines. They could encode, transmit, and decode a message in a fraction of the time it took a machine to do the same. And unlike with machine codes, the Japanese were never able to break the Navajo code.
1942年至1945年期間，約有400名納瓦霍人擔任美國海軍陸戰隊的密碼員。他們可以在機器完成相同工作所需時間的一小部分內對消息進行編碼、傳輸和解碼。與機器代碼不同的是，日本人永遠無法破解納瓦霍代碼。
"In the beginning, this place was only darkness and water until the time when a woman fell from the sky world." Thus starts the Oneida creation story. Every Native American tribe has their own history, culture, and art.
“一開始，這個地方只有黑暗和水，直到一個女人從天空中墜落。”由此開始了奧尼達的創作故事。每個美洲土著部落都有自己的歷史、文化和藝術。
Different Strokes for Different Folks
不同的人用不同的筆畫
Lifestyles varied greatly. Most tribes were domestic, but the LAKOTAfollowed the buffalo as nomads. Most engaged in war, but the Apache were particularly feared, while the Hopis were pacifistic. Most societies were ruled by men, but the Iroquois women chose the leaders.
生活方式千差萬別。大多數部落都是家庭成員，但拉科塔人跟隨水牛作為遊牧民族。大多數人參與戰爭，但阿帕奇人尤其害怕，而霍皮人是和平主義者。大多數社會是由男人統治的，但是易洛魁人的女人選擇了領導者。
Native Americans lived in WIGWAMS,HOGANS, IGLOOS, TEPEES, and longhouses. Some relied chiefly on hunting and fishing, while others DOMESTICATED crops. The Algonkian chiefs tried to achieve consensus, but the Natchez "Sun" was an absolute monarch. The TOTEM POLE was not a universal Indian symbol. It was used by tribes such as the Chinook in the Pacific Northwest to ward off evil spirits and represent family history.
土著美國人住在棚屋、霍根、冰屋、鐵板房和長屋。有些主要依靠打獵和捕魚，而另一些則依靠馴養農作物。阿爾岡人的首領們試圖達成共識，但納切斯的“太陽”是一個絕對的君主。圖騰柱不是一個普遍的印度符號。它曾被太平洋西北部的奇努克部落用來驅邪和代表家族歷史。
It is important that students of history explore tribal nuances. Within every continent, there is tremendous diversity. The tribal differences that caused the Apache and Navajo peoples to fight each other are not so different from the reasons Germans fought the French. Recognizing tribal diversity is an important step in understanding the history of America.
重要的是，歷史的學生探索部落的細微差別。在每一個大陸，都有巨大的多樣性。導致阿帕奇人和納瓦霍人互相爭鬥的部落差異與德國人與法國人爭鬥的原因沒有太大的不同。認識到部落的多樣性是瞭解美國曆史的重要一步。
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