癌症早期篩查和預防,健康人必讀~

癌症早期篩查和預防,健康人必讀~

年紀大了,有些叔叔阿姨、甚至同齡人發現了癌症。因此,請教了業內人士,在這裡貼了權威的癌症早篩方法。

其實有些家人朋友並沒有按時體檢,特別是“諱疾忌醫”的長輩。

一定要提醒他們,做 體 檢。

現在並沒有“神奇”的癌症早期篩查手段。(媒體上說的“滴血測癌”是誇張的說法。)

其實癌症在健康人群中的早篩從理論上還不是非常完備,液體(主要是血液)檢測作為癌症診斷手段仍有很長的路要走。目前成熟的基因檢測都是針對患者的,比如用於肺癌靶向藥物的選擇。

但“液體活檢”技術是趨勢,以非侵入性的方式將患者的血液作為腫瘤活檢的樣本,檢測出與腫瘤相關的遺傳突變,以此找到腫瘤的跡象。通過循環腫瘤細胞(CTC)檢測和循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)檢測可能實現癌症早篩。

針對健康人群來說,主要是做好定期體檢

,一般一年一次。同時如果覺得自己身體有不適,要及時就醫,有不明因素的話定期按時隨訪,都可以及時發現癌症。

針對有癌症家族史的健康人群(不是所有癌症,而是由遺傳風險的癌症),更要保證常規體檢,並參考下文中的手段針對性進行篩查。

關於篩查方法,推薦參考。

附件1:上海市抗癌協會2018年4月發佈的《居民常見惡性腫瘤篩查和預防推薦》。

附件2:美國癌症協會官網上的篩查指南

https://www.cancer.org/

(我沒有翻譯中文,也擔心有的網站上在翻譯中做文章,直接貼英文了)

上海市抗癌協會《居民常見惡性腫瘤篩查和預防推薦》

肺癌

高危對象

年齡40歲以上;至少合併以下一項危險因素:

1、吸菸≥20包/年,其中包括戒菸時間不足15年者;

2、被動吸菸者;

3、有職業暴露史(石棉、鈹、鈾、氡等接觸者);

4、有惡性腫瘤病史或肺癌家族史;

5、有慢性阻塞性肺疾病或瀰漫性肺纖維化病史。

怎樣早發現?

1、對於肺癌高危人群,建議行LDCT篩查(即低劑量螺旋CT)。建議儘可能使用32層或以上多層螺旋CT進行肺癌篩查。掃描範圍為肺尖至肋膈角尖端水平。基線CT掃描以後,每年進行1次LDCT肺癌篩查。

2、 若檢出肺內結節需至少在12個月內進行LDCT複查;

3、 肺內結節根據國情和效能以及我國人群特徵,不推薦將PET/CT作為人群肺癌篩查的方法。

預防建議

1、 不吸菸或戒菸;

2、 對於有職業暴露危險的應做好防護措施;

3、 保護環境,改善空氣條件;

4、 有呼吸系統疾病者要及時規範地進行治療;

5、 加強對肺癌科普知識的宣傳。

大腸癌

高危對象

1、40歲以上有兩週肛腸症狀(即:大便習慣改變,如慢性便秘、慢性腹瀉等;大便形狀改變,如大便變細;大便性質改變,如黏液血便等;腹部固定部位疼痛)的人群;

2、有大腸癌家族史的直系親屬;

4、長期患有潰瘍性結腸炎的患者;

5、大腸癌手術後的人群;

6、有家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)和遺傳性非息肉病性結直腸癌(HNPCC)家族史的20歲以上直系親屬;

7、50歲以上無症狀人群。

癌症早期篩查和預防,健康人必讀~

怎樣早發現?

1、40歲以上有症狀高危對象,經兩週對症治療症狀沒有緩解者,應及時作肛門直腸指檢、大便隱血試驗(FOBT)檢查,任一指標陽性應進行鋇劑灌腸檢查或腸鏡檢查。FOBT陽性者亦可直接進行腸鏡檢查以明確診斷,如FOBT陽性者經腸鏡檢查仍未示有異常,建議作胃鏡檢查,以排除上消化道出血。

2、40歲以上無症狀高危對象,每年接受1次FOBT檢查,如隱血試驗陽性,則加鋇劑灌腸檢查或腸鏡檢查以進一步明確診斷。如FOBT檢查連續3次陰性者可適當延長篩查間隔,但不應超過3年。

3、年齡大於20歲的FAP和HNPCC家族成員,當家族中先發病例基因突變明確時,建議行基因突變檢測,陽性者每1~2年進行1次腸鏡檢查。如基因突變檢測陰性,則按照40歲以上個體進行篩查。

4、50歲以上無症狀篩檢對象,每年接受1次FOBT檢查,每5年接受1次大腸鏡檢查。

預防建議

1、運動可有效減少腫瘤發生,堅持體育鍛煉,避免肥胖;

2、健康膳食,增加粗纖維、新鮮水果攝入,避免高脂高蛋白飲食;

3、適當膳食補充劑,如ω-3,鈣劑;

4、非甾體類消炎鎮痛藥可能對預防腸癌有效,老年人可嘗試服用低劑量阿司匹林,既預防心腦血管疾病又預防腸癌發生,具體使用須諮詢醫生;

5、戒菸戒酒,避免菸酒對消化道的長期毒性和炎性刺激。

乳腺癌

高危對象

1、未育或≥35歲初產婦;

2、月經初潮≤12歲,或行經≥42年的婦女;

3、一級親屬在50歲前患乳腺癌者;

4、兩個以上一級或二級親屬在50歲以後患乳腺癌或卵巢癌者;

5、對側乳腺癌史或經乳腺活檢證實為重度非典型增生或乳管內乳頭狀瘤病者;

上述情況均為乳腺癌高危因素,伴多條因素時,應考慮為高危乳腺癌對象。

怎樣早發現?

1、一般婦女

乳腺自查:20歲以後每月檢查1次;

臨床體檢:20~29歲每3年1次,30歲以後每年1次;

X線檢查:35歲,攝基礎乳腺片;隔年1次乳腺X線攝片;>40歲,每1~2年1次乳腺X線檢查:60歲以後可隔2~3年拍片檢查1次。

超聲檢查:30歲以後每年1次乳腺超聲檢查。

2、乳腺癌高危人群

鼓勵乳腺自查;20歲以後每年做臨床體檢1次,30歲以後建議乳腺磁共振(MRI)檢查。

預防建議

1、 健康生活方式,遠離菸酒,合理營養,保持健康體重,堅持鍛鍊;

2、 適時生育,母乳餵養;

3、 參加乳腺篩查,定期體檢。

宮頸癌

高危對象

已婚或有性生活史3年的女性。

怎樣早發現?

1、21~29歲採用宮頸細胞學檢查,每2~3年1次;

2、 30~65歲採用宮頸細胞學檢查,每3年1次;或者HPV與宮頸細胞學聯合篩查,每5年1次;

3、 篩查結束時間:大於65歲且既往多次檢查均示陰性,則不需篩查;若曾診斷為高度鱗狀上皮內病變(HSIL)病史者,再持續篩查20年,篩查頻率視病情定;

4、接受過子宮全切術的女性(無宮頸),且過去20年裡未曾有CIN2、CIN3、原位癌或癌症的女性,不需要檢查;

5、接種過HPV疫苗的女性,遵循特定年齡的建議(與未接種疫苗的女性一樣)。

預防建議

1、 接種HPV疫苗;

2、 不吸菸或戒菸;

3、 安全與健康性行為;

5、 增強體質。

肝癌

高危對象

年齡男性35歲以上、女性45歲以上的以下人群:

1、有乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的血清學證據;

2、有肝癌家族史;

3、血吸蟲、酒精性肝硬化等任何原因引起的肝硬化患者;

4、藥物性肝損患者。

癌症早期篩查和預防,健康人必讀~

怎樣早發現?

1、男性35歲以上、女性45歲以上的肝癌高危人群應進行篩查;

2、聯合血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)和肝臟B超檢查,每6個月篩查一次。

預防建議

1、慢性肝炎患者儘早接受抗病毒治療以控制肝炎病毒的複製;

2、減少飲酒;食物儘量清淡,減少油膩食物攝入;

3、防止發黴食物的攝入。

胃癌

高危對象(凡有下述情況之一者,均系高危對象。)

1、60歲以上人群;

2、中重度萎縮性胃炎;

3、慢性胃潰瘍;

4、胃息肉;

5、良性疾病術後殘胃(術後10年);

6、胃癌術後殘胃(術後6~12月);

7、異型增生(輕、中、重);

8、中、重度腸化生;

9、明確家族史;

10、胃黏膜巨大皺褶徵。

怎樣早發現?

年齡大於40歲有腹痛、腹脹等上腹部不適症狀,並有慢性胃炎、胃黏膜腸上皮化生、胃息肉、殘胃、胃巨大皺褶徵、慢性胃潰瘍和胃上皮異型增生等病變以及有腫瘤家族史的對象,應根據醫師建議定期做胃鏡檢查。

預防建議

1、健康的飲食習慣和飲食結構,尤其是避免醃漬食物和黴變食物攝入,減少亞硝酸鹽的攝入;

2、積極防控幽門螺旋桿菌感染;

3、定期體檢,發現癌前病變並及時處理;

4、戒菸戒酒,不暴飲暴食和進食過燙的食物;

5、少喝或不喝烈性酒。

前列腺癌

高危對象

1、年齡大於50歲的男性;

2、年齡大於45歲且具有前列腺癌家族史的男性;

3、年齡大於40歲且基線PSA>1μg/L的男性;

具有以上前列腺癌高危因素的男性,需提高警惕,必要時進行有針對性的檢查,對異常結果進行合理隨訪。

怎樣早發現?

1、建議對身體狀況良好,且預期壽命在10年以上的男性開展基於PSA檢測的前列腺癌篩查,且在篩查前應詳細說明前列腺癌篩查的風險和獲益;

2、血清PSA檢測每2年進行1次,根據患者的年齡和身體狀況決定PSA檢測的終止時間;

3、對於前列腺癌高危人群應儘早開展基於血清PSA檢測的篩查;

4、不建議針對40歲以下男性進行人群篩查。

預防建議

1、避免吸菸、飲酒等不良生活習慣;

2、減少高動物脂肪的食物攝入,因為這些食物中含有較多的飽和脂肪酸;增加蔬菜水果攝入;

3、避免過於辛辣的食物,因為這些食物會造成前列腺的過度充血;

4、日常生活中多飲水,勤解尿。避免憋尿,久坐不動;

5、建議適度體育運動。

在中國人群當中,約有45%的癌症是由生活方式或者微生物感染因素所導致。通過疫苗接種以及改善生活方式,有將近一半的癌症是可以避免的。

而另一半的癌症或許在所難免,但仍可以通過癌症篩查等方式早發現,從而提高治療效果,增加治癒機會。部分早期癌症病人經過正規治療後能活到5年以上的(5年生存率)可達到90%以上,而晚期癌症病人經治療後的5年生存率約10%。

American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer

原文鏈接在這裡:

https://www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer.html

The American Cancer Society recommends these cancer screening guidelines for most adults. Screening tests are used to find cancer before a person has any symptoms.

Breast cancer

  • Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they wish to do so.
  • Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
  • Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly screening.
  • Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer.
  • All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to breast cancer screening.

Women should also know how their breasts normally look and feel and report any breast changes to a health care provider right away.

Some women – because of their family history, a genetic tendency, or certain other factors – should be screened with MRIs along with mammograms. (The number of women who fall into this category is very small.) Talk with a health care provider about your risk for breast cancer and the best screening plan for you.

Colon and rectal cancer and polyps

For people at average risk for colorectal cancer, the American Cancer Society recommends starting regular screening at age 45. This can be done either with a sensitive test that looks for signs of cancer in a person’s stool (a stool-based test), or with an exam that looks at the colon and rectum (a visual exam). Talk to your health care provider about which tests might be good options for you, and to your insurance provider about your coverage. No matter which test you choose, the most important thing is to get screened.

If you’re in good health, you should continue regular screening through age 75.

For people

ages 76 through 85, talk with your health care provider about whether continuing to get screened is right for you. When deciding, take into account your own preferences, overall health, and past screening history.

People over 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening.

If you choose to be screened with a test other than colonoscopy, any abnormal test result needs to be followed up with a colonoscopy.

Cervical cancer

  • Cervical cancer testing should start at age 21. Women under age 21 should not be tested.
  • Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test done every 3 years. HPV testing should not be used in this age group unless it’s needed after an abnormal Pap test result.
  • Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should have a Pap test plus an HPV test (called “co-testing”) done every 5 years. This is the preferred approach, but it’s OK to have a Pap test alone every 3 years.
  • Women over age 65 who have had regular cervical cancer testing in the past 10 years with normal results should not be tested for cervical cancer. Once testing is stopped, it should not be started again. Women with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer should continue to be tested for at least 20 years after that diagnosis, even if testing goes past age 65.
  • A woman who has had her uterus and cervix removed (a total hysterectomy) for reasons not related to cervical cancer and who has no history of cervical cancer or serious pre-cancer should not be tested.
  • All women who have been vaccinated against HPV should still follow the screening recommendations for their age groups.

Some women – because of their health history (HIV infection, organ transplant, DES exposure, etc.) – may need a different screening schedule for cervical cancer. Talk to a health care provider about your history.

Endometrial cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends that at the time of menopause, all women should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women should report any unexpected vaginal bleeding or spotting to their doctors.

Some women – because of their history – may need to consider having a yearly endometrial biopsy. Please talk with a health care provider about your history.

Lung cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends yearly lung cancer screening with a low-dose CT scan (LDCT) for certain people at higher risk for lung cancer who meet the following conditions:

Are aged 55 to 74 years and in fairly good health

  • and

Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years

  • and
  • Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per year. One pack per day for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-years.)

Before getting screened, you should talk to your health care provider about:

  • Your risk for lung cancer
  • How you can quit smoking, if you still smoke
  • The possible benefits, limits, and harms of lung cancer screening
  • Where you can get screened

You should also talk with your insurance provider about your coverage.

Prostate cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends that men make an informed decision with a health care provider about whether to be tested for prostate cancer. Research has not yet proven that the potential benefits of testing outweigh the harms of testing and treatment. We believe that men should not be tested without first learning about what we know and don’t know about the risks and possible benefits of testing and treatment.

Starting at age 50, men should talk to a health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the right choice for them.

If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65, you should have this talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.

If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal exam. How often you’re tested will depend on your PSA level.

Take control of your health, and help reduce your cancer risk.

  • Stay away from all forms of tobacco.
  • Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
  • Get moving with regular physical activity.
  • Eat healthy with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
  • Limit how much alcohol you drink (if you drink at all).
  • Protect your skin.
  • Know yourself, your family history, and your risks.
  • Get regular check-ups and cancer screening tests.


分享小清在帝都戰鬥20年的乾貨經驗。

無論是工作、生活,找點有價值的信息並不容易;

於是我記錄下自己讀書、職場(央企-政府-民企-創投圈)、養娃等經驗,希望能對朋友們有所幫助。


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