英語學霸是怎麼煉成的？

學霸是怎麼煉成的

文 | 艾迪博士

圖 | 毛巾先生

校對 | 毛巾先生

調查顯示，高達90%的學霸認為，學好英語，有一個好的老師很重要，可以避免走許多彎路。

大陸的英語專業傳承百年，很多大師和高手其實留下了相當多的秘方，都非常系統高效，但是很奇怪現在不知道怎麼回事，很多人不知道英專到底怎麼上課了，說到英專特色，全是高大上的英美文化，翻譯學，語言學，文學，虛無縹緲不知所蹤，打死都不敢和非英專的人比試英語水平。所以，比如網紅“艾迪博士”就是個很好的老師。

今天的英語練習內容，還是科學論文，就是要大家學到吐！沒有感覺了，就說明進入狀態了。

• The NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response appears to be responsible for up to half of the pancreatic tissue damage that is associated with acute pancreatitis, as well as the potentially fatal severe systemic inflammatory response

Nf-b 介導的炎症反應似乎是超過一半腺體組織損傷的原因, 這種損傷與急性炎症，以及潛在的致命的嚴重全身炎症反應相關。

up-to 超過

systemic adj 全身的（結合上下文，“全身”較為合適）

• Chronic pancreatitis, like acute pancreatitis, is thought to begin as a necro-inflammatory disease. The exact series of events that ultimately result in chronic pancreatitis are not known.
• Despite this fact, it is generally thought that chronic pancreatitis has an early stage that is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, and a late stage associated with pancreatic insufficiency, steatorrhea, diabetes, pancreatic calcification, and fibrosis.

慢性炎, 和急性炎一樣, 被認為是從壞死炎症開始的。最終導致慢性胰腺炎的確切一系列事件尚不清楚。儘管如此, 人們普遍認為, 慢性胰腺炎有一個早期階段, 其特點是急性胰腺炎的反覆發作, 後期與胰腺功能不全、糖尿病、鈣化和纖維化有關。

be characterized by ……的特點是……

recurrent adj 復發的 經常的

fibrosis n 纖維化

• Although alcoholic pancreatitis can remain an acute disease, in many cases this acute disease progresses to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.

雖然酒精性胰腺炎可以是一種急性疾病, 在許多情況下, 這種急性疾病進展到酒精性慢性胰腺炎

• Many times this progression from an acute disease to a chronic disease is associated with recurring bouts of acute pancreatitis. Interestingly, it was reported, that progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis is most common in habitual alcohol abusers. This indicates that excessive alcohol consumption is involved in acute pancreatitis progressing to a chronic fibrotic disorder.
• Because ethanol alone is not capable of causing pancreatitis, the question is, how does ethanol alter the physiology of the pancreas and sensitize the organ to disease.

很多時候, 從急性疾病到慢性病的進展與急性胰腺炎的反覆發作有關。有趣的是, 據報道, 從急性胰腺炎進展到慢性胰腺炎是最常見的習慣酒精。這表明過度飲酒與急性胰腺炎發展為慢性纖維化障礙有關。由於僅有乙醇並不能引起胰腺炎, 問題是, 乙醇如何改變胰腺的生理, 使器官更容易發病。

in many cases that…… 在很多時候

剪不斷理還亂

• Two enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) catalyze oxidative ethanol metabolism. Ethanol metabolized by both ADH and CYP 2E1 results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde. Although the pancreas expresses both ADH and CYP 2E1, the expression of these enzymes is much lower than in the liver. Consequently, the oxidative metabolism of ethanol by the pancreas is also much lower than in the liver.
• In spite of this fact, acetaldehyde, a reactive metabolite of ethanol oxidation, mediates some detrimental effects in pancreatic acinar cells

兩種酶, 乙醇脫氫酶 (ADH) 和細胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) 催化氧化乙醇代謝。由 ADH 和 CYP 2E1 代謝的乙醇導致活性氧 (ROS) 和乙醛的產生。雖然胰腺同時表達 ADH 和 CYP 2E1, 但這些酶的表達遠遠低於肝臟。因此, 胰腺對乙醇的氧化代謝也比 肝臟低得多。儘管如此, 乙醇氧化反應代謝物乙醛在腺樣細胞中起到了一定的損害。

metabolize v 代謝

acetaldehyde n 乙醛

oxidation n 氧化

• Nonoxidative ethanol metabolism is accomplished by a diverse group of enzymes known as fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthases. Ethanol metabolism by these enzymes combines free fatty acids (FA) with ethanol generating FAEEs. In the pancreas fatty acid ester synthase activity is relatively high.
• Therefore, ethanol metabolism by the nonoxidative pathway is also relatively high. Because ADH and CYP 2E1 activity is relatively low in the pancreases, ethanol metabolism by FAEE synthases and the production of FAEEs likely has an important role in alcohol associated pancreatic dysfunctions and development of alcoholic pancreatitis.

乙醇的無氧化代謝是由被稱為脂肪酸乙酯 (FAEE) 合酶的多種酶組成的。通過這些酶的乙醇代謝結合了遊離脂肪酸 (FA) 和乙醇產生的脂肪酸。胰腺脂肪酸酯合成酶活性相對較高。因此, 乙醇代謝的非氧化途徑也是相對高的。由於 乙醇脫氫酶和 P450在胰腺中的活性相對較低, 脂肪酸乙酯對酒精相關胰腺功能障礙和酒精性胰腺炎的發生有重要作用。

tips: 乙醇+遊離脂肪酸=脂肪酸乙脂 (化學知識是不是還給體育老師了？呵呵)

• It is generally thought that one of the initiating events of acute pancreatitis is the intracellular activation of trypsinogen and other digestive enzymes produced by acinar cells. This inappropriate enzyme activation is mediated by sustained elevation in the concentration of cytoplasmic calcium.

乙醇對鈣細胞動員和胰腺酶激活的影響。

人們一般認為, 急性腺炎的發病事件之一是胰蛋白酶原和其他消化的細胞內活化由腺苷細胞產生的酶。這種不適當的酶活化是通過細胞質鈣濃度的持續升高來介導的。

• Intracellular calcium has a critical role in both normal and pathologic actions of acinar cells. The majority of calcium in acinar cells is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), although there exists an important acidic granular reservoir located in the apical region of the cell. Zymogen granules contain substantial quantities of calcium and constitute a major portion of this acidic reservoir in acinar cells.

細胞內鈣在腺細胞的正常和病理作用中都有重要作用。腺鈣細胞中的大部分鈣儲存在內質網 (ER) 中, 儘管在細胞的頂端區域存在一個重要的酸性顆粒儲層。酶原顆粒含有大量的鈣, 並構成了這個酸性水庫在腺泡細胞的主要部分。

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) n 內質網

reservoir n 水庫，儲水池

substantial adj 大量的

It has been demonstrated that stimulation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) type 2 and 3 receptors (IP3Rs) and to a lesser extent ryanodine receptors, located on the ER and zymogen granules results in calcium release.

已經證明, 刺激肌醇三磷酸 (IP3) 2 型和3型受體 (IP3Rs), 並在較小程度上刺激位於 ER 和酶原顆粒上的賴諾定受體, 會導致鈣離子的釋放 。

博士的女朋友

The critical role of IP3Rs in the pathologic sustained intracellular release of calcium has been demonstrated by studies in which antibodies specific to IP3R2 and 3, pharmacologic inhibition of IP3Rs, and the use of genetically modified mice that lack IP3R2 and 3, attenuate the intensity of calcium release, as well as the extent of trypsinogen activation and tissue necrosis.

重要的是, 在整個細胞和 2-光子滲透細胞中, 乙醇和 甘油三脂過激活 IP3Rs 誘導細胞內儲存中的鈣持續釋放。IP3Rs 在細胞內鈣的病理持續釋放中的關鍵作用已通過研究得到證明, 其中針對 IP3R2 和3的抗體、IP3Rs 的藥理抑制以及缺乏 IP3R2 和3的轉基因小鼠的使用,降低鈣釋放的強度, 以及胰蛋白酶原活化和組織壞死的程度。

permeability n. 滲透性

英語教育現狀

名牌院校情況可能稍好點，但正宗的培養體系也大多丟失了，主要還是佔了生源的優勢，而這些生源，基本都是廣大省會城市級別以上的外國語高中明星高中培養出來的，也正是我上篇文章裡提到的所謂“教育紅利得益者”。

每天看看博士，你會發現世界還是會轉動的。

至於普通院校，情況就極其嚴重了，首先生源基礎就不行，普通人進入就業市場後競爭力更是非常不容樂觀。

（運營人 搖擺浴巾）