学霸是怎么炼成的
文 | 艾迪博士
图 | 毛巾先生
校对 | 毛巾先生
调查显示，高达90%的学霸认为，学好英语，有一个好的老师很重要，可以避免走许多弯路。
大陆的英语专业传承百年，很多大师和高手其实留下了相当多的秘方，都非常系统高效，但是很奇怪现在不知道怎么回事，很多人不知道英专到底怎么上课了，说到英专特色，全是高大上的英美文化，翻译学，语言学，文学，虚无缥缈不知所踪，打死都不敢和非英专的人比试英语水平。所以，比如网红“艾迪博士”就是个很好的老师。
今天的英语练习内容，还是科学论文，就是要大家学到吐！没有感觉了，就说明进入状态了。
- The NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response appears to be responsible for up to half of the pancreatic tissue damage that is associated with acute pancreatitis, as well as the potentially fatal severe systemic inflammatory response
Nf-b 介导的炎症反应似乎是超过一半腺体组织损伤的原因, 这种损伤与急性炎症，以及潜在的致命的严重全身炎症反应相关。
up-to 超过
systemic adj 全身的（结合上下文，“全身”较为合适）
- Chronic pancreatitis, like acute pancreatitis, is thought to begin as a necro-inflammatory disease. The exact series of events that ultimately result in chronic pancreatitis are not known.
- Despite this fact, it is generally thought that chronic pancreatitis has an early stage that is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, and a late stage associated with pancreatic insufficiency, steatorrhea, diabetes, pancreatic calcification, and fibrosis.
慢性炎, 和急性炎一样, 被认为是从坏死炎症开始的。最终导致慢性胰腺炎的确切一系列事件尚不清楚。尽管如此, 人们普遍认为, 慢性胰腺炎有一个早期阶段, 其特点是急性胰腺炎的反复发作, 后期与胰腺功能不全、糖尿病、钙化和纤维化有关。
be characterized by ……的特点是……
recurrent adj 复发的 经常的
fibrosis n 纤维化
- Although alcoholic pancreatitis can remain an acute disease, in many cases this acute disease progresses to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.
虽然酒精性胰腺炎可以是一种急性疾病, 在许多情况下, 这种急性疾病进展到酒精性慢性胰腺炎
- Many times this progression from an acute disease to a chronic disease is associated with recurring bouts of acute pancreatitis. Interestingly, it was reported, that progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis is most common in habitual alcohol abusers. This indicates that excessive alcohol consumption is involved in acute pancreatitis progressing to a chronic fibrotic disorder.
- Because ethanol alone is not capable of causing pancreatitis, the question is, how does ethanol alter the physiology of the pancreas and sensitize the organ to disease.
很多时候, 从急性疾病到慢性病的进展与急性胰腺炎的反复发作有关。有趣的是, 据报道, 从急性胰腺炎进展到慢性胰腺炎是最常见的习惯酒精。这表明过度饮酒与急性胰腺炎发展为慢性纤维化障碍有关。由于仅有乙醇并不能引起胰腺炎, 问题是, 乙醇如何改变胰腺的生理, 使器官更容易发病。
in many cases that…… 在很多时候
剪不断理还乱
- Two enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) catalyze oxidative ethanol metabolism. Ethanol metabolized by both ADH and CYP 2E1 results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde. Although the pancreas expresses both ADH and CYP 2E1, the expression of these enzymes is much lower than in the liver. Consequently, the oxidative metabolism of ethanol by the pancreas is also much lower than in the liver.
- In spite of this fact, acetaldehyde, a reactive metabolite of ethanol oxidation, mediates some detrimental effects in pancreatic acinar cells
两种酶, 乙醇脱氢酶 (ADH) 和细胞色素 P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) 催化氧化乙醇代谢。由 ADH 和 CYP 2E1 代谢的乙醇导致活性氧 (ROS) 和乙醛的产生。虽然胰腺同时表达 ADH 和 CYP 2E1, 但这些酶的表达远远低于肝脏。因此, 胰腺对乙醇的氧化代谢也比 肝脏低得多。尽管如此, 乙醇氧化反应代谢物乙醛在腺样细胞中起到了一定的损害。
metabolize v 代谢
acetaldehyde n 乙醛
oxidation n 氧化
- Nonoxidative ethanol metabolism is accomplished by a diverse group of enzymes known as fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthases. Ethanol metabolism by these enzymes combines free fatty acids (FA) with ethanol generating FAEEs. In the pancreas fatty acid ester synthase activity is relatively high.
- Therefore, ethanol metabolism by the nonoxidative pathway is also relatively high. Because ADH and CYP 2E1 activity is relatively low in the pancreases, ethanol metabolism by FAEE synthases and the production of FAEEs likely has an important role in alcohol associated pancreatic dysfunctions and development of alcoholic pancreatitis.
乙醇的无氧化代谢是由被称为脂肪酸乙酯 (FAEE) 合酶的多种酶组成的。通过这些酶的乙醇代谢结合了游离脂肪酸 (FA) 和乙醇产生的脂肪酸。胰腺脂肪酸酯合成酶活性相对较高。因此, 乙醇代谢的非氧化途径也是相对高的。由于 乙醇脱氢酶和 P450在胰腺中的活性相对较低, 脂肪酸乙酯对酒精相关胰腺功能障碍和酒精性胰腺炎的发生有重要作用。
tips: 乙醇+游离脂肪酸=脂肪酸乙脂 (化学知识是不是还给体育老师了？呵呵)
- It is generally thought that one of the initiating events of acute pancreatitis is the intracellular activation of trypsinogen and other digestive enzymes produced by acinar cells. This inappropriate enzyme activation is mediated by sustained elevation in the concentration of cytoplasmic calcium.
乙醇对钙细胞动员和胰腺酶激活的影响。
人们一般认为, 急性腺炎的发病事件之一是胰蛋白酶原和其他消化的细胞内活化由腺苷细胞产生的酶。这种不适当的酶活化是通过细胞质钙浓度的持续升高来介导的。
- Intracellular calcium has a critical role in both normal and pathologic actions of acinar cells. The majority of calcium in acinar cells is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), although there exists an important acidic granular reservoir located in the apical region of the cell. Zymogen granules contain substantial quantities of calcium and constitute a major portion of this acidic reservoir in acinar cells.
细胞内钙在腺细胞的正常和病理作用中都有重要作用。腺钙细胞中的大部分钙储存在内质网 (ER) 中, 尽管在细胞的顶端区域存在一个重要的酸性颗粒储层。酶原颗粒含有大量的钙, 并构成了这个酸性水库在腺泡细胞的主要部分。
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) n 内质网
reservoir n 水库，储水池
substantial adj 大量的
It has been demonstrated that stimulation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) type 2 and 3 receptors (IP3Rs) and to a lesser extent ryanodine receptors, located on the ER and zymogen granules results in calcium release.
已经证明, 刺激肌醇三磷酸 (IP3) 2 型和3型受体 (IP3Rs), 并在较小程度上刺激位于 ER 和酶原颗粒上的赖诺定受体, 会导致钙离子的释放 。
博士的女朋友
The critical role of IP3Rs in the pathologic sustained intracellular release of calcium has been demonstrated by studies in which antibodies specific to IP3R2 and 3, pharmacologic inhibition of IP3Rs, and the use of genetically modified mice that lack IP3R2 and 3, attenuate the intensity of calcium release, as well as the extent of trypsinogen activation and tissue necrosis.
重要的是, 在整个细胞和 2-光子渗透细胞中, 乙醇和 甘油三脂过激活 IP3Rs 诱导细胞内储存中的钙持续释放。IP3Rs 在细胞内钙的病理持续释放中的关键作用已通过研究得到证明, 其中针对 IP3R2 和3的抗体、IP3Rs 的药理抑制以及缺乏 IP3R2 和3的转基因小鼠的使用,降低钙释放的强度, 以及胰蛋白酶原活化和组织坏死的程度。
permeability n. 渗透性
英语教育现状
名牌院校情况可能稍好点，但正宗的培养体系也大多丢失了，主要还是占了生源的优势，而这些生源，基本都是广大省会城市级别以上的外国语高中明星高中培养出来的，也正是我上篇文章里提到的所谓“教育红利得益者”。
每天看看博士，你会发现世界还是会转动的。
至于普通院校，情况就极其严重了，首先生源基础就不行，普通人进入就业市场后竞争力更是非常不容乐观。
（运营人 摇摆浴巾）
