Galileo’s measurements were used by Newton as the basis of his laws of motion. In Galileo’s experiments, as a body rolled down the slope it was always acted on by the same force (its weight), and the effect was to make it constantly speed up.
This showed that the real effect of a force is always to change the speed of a body, rather than just to set it moving, as was previously thought. It also meant that whenever a body is not acted on by any force, it will keep on moving in a straight line at the same speed. This idea was first stated explicitly in Newton’s Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, and is known as Newton’s first law. What happens to a body when a force does act on it is given by Newton’s second law. This states that the body will accelerate, or change its speed, at a rate that is proportional to the force. (For example, the acceleration is twice as great if the force is twice as great.) The acceleration is also smaller the greater the mass (or quantity of matter) of the body. (The same force acting on a body of twice the mass will produce half the acceleration.) A familiar example is provided by a car: the more powerful the engine, the greater the acceleration, but the heavier the car, the smaller the acceleration for the same engine.
In addition to his laws of motion, Newton discovered a law to describe the force of gravity, which states that every body attracts every other body with a force that is proportional to the mass of each body.
Thus the force between two bodies would be twice as strong if one of the bodies (say, body A) had its mass doubled. This is what you might expect because one could think of the new body A as being made of two bodies with the original mass. Each would attract body B with the original force. Thus the total force between A and B would be twice the original force.
Proportional 成比例的
伽利略的测量被牛顿用来作为他的运动定律的基础。在伽利略的实验中，当物体从斜坡上滚下时，它一直受到不变的外力（它的重量），其效应是它被恒定地加速。
这表明，力的真正效应总是改变物体的速度，而不是像原先想像的那样，仅仅使之运动。同时，它还意味着，只要一个物体没有受到外力，它就会以同样的速度保持直线运动。这个思想是第一次被牛顿在1687年出版的《数学原理》一中明白地叙述出来，并被称为牛顿第一定律。物体受力时发生的现象则由牛顿第二定律所给出：物体被加速或改变其速度，其改变率与所受外力成比例。（例如，如果力加倍，则加速度也将加倍。）物体的质量（或物质的量）越大，则加速度越小，（以同样的力作用于具有两倍质量的物体则只产生一半的加速度。）小汽车可提供一个熟知的例子，发动机的功率越大，则加速度越大，但是小汽车越重，则对同样的发动机加速度越小。
除了他的运动定律，牛顿还发现了描述引力的定律：任何两个物体都相互吸引，其引力大小与每个物体的质量成正比。
这样，如果其中一个物体（例如A）的质量加倍，则两个物体之间的引力加倍。这是你能预料得到的，因为新的物体A可看成两个具有原先质量的物体，每一个用原先的力来吸引物体B，所以A和B之间的总力加倍。
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