每一个站在TED演讲台上的演讲者都是那么光彩夺人，他们的演讲总能带给我们新的关于这个世界的思考。他们成功的演讲后面又有多少不为人知的付出呢?今天我们一起来欣赏以下的TED演讲。
TED演讲的秘密：如何让你的演讲一鸣惊人
Since the first TED conference, 30 years ago, speakers have run the gamut from political figures, musicians, and TV personalities who are completely at ease before a crowd to lesser-known academics, scientists, and writers—some of whom feel deeply uncomfortable giving presentations. Over the years, we’ve sought to develop a process for helping inexperienced presenters to frame, practice, and deliver talks that people enjoy watching. It typically begins six to nine months before the event, and involves cycles of devising (and revising) a>
自三十年前第一届TED大会以来，我们邀请了各领域的讲者，有在观众面前表现得十分淡定从容的政治家、音乐家和电视演员，也有不知名的学术家、科学家和作者，而在这群人中，有些人在演讲时会感到极不自在。这些年来，我们探索出一套程序，能帮助缺乏经验的讲者表达、演练并最终做出为人喜爱的演讲。这个程序一般在大会举办前九到六个月开始，包括不断设计（以及修订）讲稿、排练以及大量的微调。我们也一直在改进具体的方法——因为公众演讲艺术也随着时代变化而变化——但从公众的反馈来看，基本的一些方法是很有效果的：TED视频自2006年上线以来至今已被观看十亿多次。
On the basis of this experience, I’m convinced that giving a good talk is highly coachable. In a matter of hours, a speaker’s content and delivery can be transformed from muddled to mesmerizing. And while my team’s experience has focused on TED’s 18-minutes-or-shorter format, the lessons we’ve learned are surely useful to other presenters—whether it’s a CEO doing an IPO road show, a brand manager unveiling a new product, or a start-up pitching to VCs.
基于这方面的经验，我相信一个好的演讲其实可以通过大量训练得来。在区区几小时内，演讲的内容和叙述方式就可以由混沌不清变得精彩动人。我们团队所专注的18分钟甚至更短的演讲形式，对其他演讲者也很有用，无论是做IPO路演的CEO，发布新产品的品牌经理，亦或寻求风投的创业者。
Frame Your Story
做好提纲
There’s no way you can give a good talk unless you have something worth talking about. Conceptualizing and framing what you want to say is the most vital part of preparation.
除非你有值得一说的东西，不然你就做不了一个好的演讲。而对你想说的内容进行提炼和建立结构是准备过程中最重要的部分。
Find the Perfect Mix of Data and Narrative
找准事例和叙事的平衡
We all know that humans are wired to listen to stories, and metaphors abound for the narrative structures that work best to engage people. When I think about compelling presentations, I think about taking an audience on a journey. A successful talk is a little miracle—people see the world differently afterward.
我们都知道人们很喜欢听故事，而那些最引人入胜的叙述结构中都有着大量的隐喻。当我想到要做一个扣人心弦的演讲，在我脑海中浮现的是去带着观众踏上一段旅途。一个成功的演讲是一个小小的奇迹，人们由此看到不同的世界。
If you frame the talk as a journey, the biggest decisions are figuring out where to start and where to end. To find the right place to start, consider what people in the audience already know about your subject—and how much they care about it. If you assume they have more knowledge or interest than they do, or if you start using jargon or get too technical, you’ll lose them. The most engaging speakers do a superb job of very quickly introducing the topic, explaining why they care so deeply about it, and convincing the audience members that they should, too.
如果你把故事当作一段旅途，最重要的便是找出从哪里开始、到哪里结束。想想观众们对你的故事可能已经有了哪些了解、他们有多关心它，以此找到合适的起点。若你高估了观众的知识储备或者对话题的兴趣，亦或你开始使用术语搞得太专业，你就失去观众了。最棒的演讲者会非常快速地介绍主题，解释他们自己为什么会对这个话题感兴趣，并说服观众相信他们也应该关注这个主题。
The biggest problem I see in first drafts of presentations is that they try to cover too much ground. You can’t summarize an entire career in a single talk. If you try to cram in everything you know, you won’t have time to include key details, and your talk will disappear into abstract language that may make sense if your listeners are familiar with the subject matter but will be completely opaque if they’re new to it. You need specific examples to flesh out your ideas. So limit the scope of your talk to that which can be explained, and brought to life with examples, in the available time. Much of the early feedback we give aims to correct the impulse to sweep too broadly. Instead, go deeper. Give more detail. Don’t tell us about your entire field of study—tell us about your unique contribution.
我在演讲者的初稿中发现的最大问题是会涵盖太多内容。你无法在一个演讲中去概括整个行业。如果你试图将你知道的所有东西都塞进演讲，那就没时间去举出关键的细节了，而且你的演讲会因各种抽象的语言而晦涩难懂，从而会导致本身就懂的人能听得懂，而之前不懂的人就不知所云了。你需要举出具体的例子来使你的想法有血有肉充实起来。所以，把你的演讲局限在可以被解释清楚的范围内，并且在有限的时间里尽量举出例子使演讲生动起来。我们在筹备前期给讲者的反馈大多是建议他们不要太冲动，不要一心想把所有东西都纳入到一个短短的演讲。相反地，要深入。不要告诉我们你研究的整个领域，告诉我们你的独特贡献。
If a talk fails, it’s almost always because the speaker didn’t frame it correctly, misjudged the audience’s level of interest, or neglected to tell a story. Even if the topic is important, random pontification without narrative is always deeply unsatisfying. There’s no progression, and you don’t feel that you’re learning.
如果一个演讲失败了，几乎都是因为讲者没有设计好整个故事，错误估计了观众的兴趣点，或者忽略了故事本身。即使话题再重要，没有足够的叙述作为铺垫，反而偶然冒出一些武断的意见总会让人感到不爽。没有一个递进的过程，就不会感到自己有所收获。
Plan Your Delivery
想好你的演讲方式
Once you’ve got the framing down, it’s time to focus on your delivery. There are three main ways to deliver a talk. You can read it directly off a>
一旦你想好怎么说故事了，就可以开始重点考虑具体的演讲方式。发表一个演讲有三个主要的途径：你可以照着手稿或提词器直接读；你可以记下演讲提纲来提示你要讲的具体内容而不是把整个演讲都记下来；或者你可以记住全部内容，当然这需要大量的排练预演，直到你能把每个字一一记在脑海。
My advice: Don’t read it, and don’t use a teleprompter. It’s usually just too distancing—people will know you’re reading. And as soon as they sense it, the way they receive your talk will shift. Suddenly your intimate connection evaporates, and everything feels a lot more formal.
我的建议是：别照着读，也别使用提词器。提词器通常会有一段距离，人们会知道你在照着读。并且一旦他们发现了，他们的注意力就会转移。突然你就与观众变得疏远，你说的一切都变得官方。
Many of our best and most popular TED Talks have been memorized word for word. If you’re giving an important talk and you have the time to do this, it’s the best way to go. But don’t underestimate the work involved. One of our most memorable speakers was Jill Bolte Taylor, a brain researcher who had suffered a stroke. She talked about what she learned during the eight years it took her to recover. After crafting her story and undertaking many hours of solo practice, she rehearsed her talk dozens of times in front of an audience to be sure she had it down.
我们很多最受欢迎的TED演讲都是逐字逐句完全记下来的。如果你有充裕的时间做这样的准备，这其实会是最好的演讲方式。不过不要低估这项准备工作所需要的时间。TED上最令人难忘的一个讲者是泰勒博士，一位得过中风的脑部研究专家。她分享了自己在这八年的大脑恢复期间学到了什么。在仔细雕琢并一个人练习了数十小时后，她又在一个观众面前演练了十几次以保证她的演讲可以成功。
Obviously, not every presentation is worth that kind of investment of time. But if you do decide to memorize your talk, be aware that there’s a predictable arc to the learning curve. Most people go through what I call the “valley of awkwardness,” where they haven’t quite memorized the talk. Getting past this point is simple, fortunately. It’s just a matter of rehearsing enough times that the flow of words becomes second nature. Then you can focus on delivering the talk with meaning and authenticity. Don’t worry—you’ll get there.
显然，不是每一个演讲都值得如此耗费时间准备。不过如果你决定脱稿，那你就要懂得学习曲线的大概形状是什么样子。大多数人都会经历一个“抓狂的低谷期”，此时他们并不能很好地脱稿演讲。想要走出这个低谷期很简单，只要充分进行排练，一句话接一句话习惯成自然。之后你就可以把准备的重点放在演讲内容的意义和真实性上了。不要慌，你能行。
But if you don’t have time to learn a speech thoroughly and get past that awkward valley, don’t try. Go with bullet points on note cards. As long as you know what you want to say for each one, you’ll be fine. Focus on remembering the transitions from one bullet point to the next.
不过如果你没有足够时间准备并渡过低谷期，那就别试了。用小卡片记下演讲要点吧。只要你知道每一个点该如何展开就够了。特别要记住如何从一个要点过渡到另一个要点。
Also pay attention to your tone. Some speakers may want to come across as authoritative or wise or powerful or passionate, but it’s usually much better to just sound conversational. Don’t force it. Don’t orate. Just be you.
与此同时，你还要注意自己的语气。有些讲者倾向于较为权威、装逼、强硬或热切的语气，可是谈话式的语气会听上去更令人舒服。别强求，莫装逼，做自己。
If a successful talk is a journey, make sure you don’t start to annoy your travel companions along the way. Some speakers project too much ego. They sound condescending or full of themselves, and the audience shuts down. Don’t let that happen.
如果成功的演讲是一次旅途，那就不要在过程中惹恼你的旅伴。有些讲者表现的太过于自我。他们表现的特牛逼、人生特圆满，观众就会特无语。千万别这样。
Develop Stage Presence
端正台风
The biggest mistake we see in early rehearsals is that people move their bodies too much. They sway from side to side, or shift their weight from one leg to the other. People do this naturally when they’re nervous, but it’s distracting and makes the speaker seem weak. Simply getting a person to keep his or her lower body motionless can dramatically improve stage presence. There are some people who are able to walk around a stage during a presentation, and that’s fine if it comes naturally. But the vast majority are better off standing still and relying on hand gestures for emphasis.
我们在早期排练时候发现的最常见的错误是人们会过于频繁地移动身体。他们会晃来晃去，或者把重心在两腿间不停移动。人们在紧张的时候常常不自觉的这样，但是如此容易分散观众的注意力，而且使演讲者看上去没有说服力。只要减少下半身的移动就可大大提高台风。不过也有人能够在演讲时在舞台上自如地走动，当然，只要足够自然倒也无妨。但对于大部分人最好还是站定了不要晃，仅通过手部姿势来强调重点。
Perhaps the most important physical act onstage is making eye contact. Find five or six friendly-looking people in different parts of the audience and look them in the eye as you speak. Think of them as friends you haven’t seen in a year, whom you’re bringing up to date on your work. That eye contact is incredibly powerful, and it will do more than anything else to help your talk land. Even if you don’t have time to prepare fully and have to read from a>
在台上最关键的肢体语言或许应该是眼神交流。在观众席里找五六位看起来顺眼的，在演讲时用眼神和她们交流。把他们当成你很久没见的老朋友，想象你正把他们带进你的工作中来。这样的眼神交流相当有效，它比其他任何方法都要对你的演讲有帮助。即使你没有充足的时间做好准备，必须得照着稿子读，那么抬起头做一些眼神上的交流会让一切变得不同。
Another big hurdle for inexperienced speakers is nervousness—both in advance of the talk and while they’re onstage. People deal with this in different ways. Many speakers stay out in the audience until the moment they go on; this can work well, because keeping your mind engaged in the earlier speakers can distract you and limit nervousness. Amy Cuddy, a Harvard Business School professor who studies how certain body poses can affect power, utilized one of the more unusual preparation techniques I’ve seen. She recommends that people spend time before a talk striding around, standing tall, and extending their bodies; these poses make you feel more powerful. It’s what she did before going onstage, and she delivered a phenomenal talk. But I think the single best advice is simply to breathe deeply before you go onstage. It works.
对无经验的演讲者而言，另一个大挑战就是紧张，不管是在台前还是台上。不同人应对紧张有不同的处理方法。很多讲者在演讲前会呆在观众席中，这方法很有效，因为听前面的演讲者演讲可以转移注意力并减少紧张。哈佛商学院的一位教授艾米·卡迪（Amy Cuddy）研究了怎样的姿势可以产生气场，她运用了我见过的最不同寻常的准备技巧。她建议讲者们在演讲前到周围大步走一走，站在高处，或伸展四肢，这些姿势都可以使你倍感自信。她自己上台前就是如此做的，而且她做的演讲精彩非凡。不过我认为最简单且实用的方法就是上台前做一下深呼吸。真心有效。
Plan the Multimedia
恰当采用多媒体技术
With so much technology at our disposal, it may feel almost mandatory to use, at a minimum, presentation slides. By now most people have heard the advice about PowerPoint: Keep it simple; don’t use a slide deck as a substitute for notes (by, say, listing the bullet points you’ll discuss—those are best put on note cards); and don’t repeat out loud words that are on the slide. Not only is reciting slides a variation of the teleprompter problem—“Oh, no, she’s reading to us, too!”—but information is interesting only once, and hearing and seeing the same words feels repetitive. That advice may seem universal by now, but go into any company and you’ll see presenters violating it every day. Many of the best TED speakers don’t use slides at all, and many talks don’t require them. If you have photographs or illustrations that make the topic come alive, then yes, show them. If not, consider doing without, at least for some parts of the presentation.
现在为我们所用的多媒体技术数不胜数，所以觉得怎么也得用幻灯片吧，什么都不用都觉得对有点不起观众。现在大多数人都知道PPT的诀窍：保持简洁；不要把幻灯片做成演讲稿（就好比列出你所要讲的每一点——这些最好写在你手中的小卡片里）；不要把幻灯片上的内容原封不动地大声念出来。除了可能出现类似于使用提词器时会出现的问题之外——“我勒个去她也在照读！”——往往只有最新鲜的信息才能调动人们的兴趣，人们不喜欢重复地看到和听到相同的信息。现在大家应该都很明白这点，但如果去各种公司看看，每天依然有人在演讲时犯这种错误。许多顶尖的TED演讲者不用幻灯片，而且很多演讲内容也不需要它。如果你要展示一些照片或插图使话题更生动的话，那就用吧，否则，至少对于演讲的某些部分来说，尽量别用。
Video has obvious uses for many speakers. Used well, video can be very effective, but there are common mistakes that should be avoided. A clip needs to be short—if it’s more than 60 seconds, you risk losing people. Don’t use videos—particularly corporate ones—that sound self-promotional or like infomercials; people are conditioned to tune those out. Anything with a soundtrack can be dangerously off-putting. And whatever you do, don’t show a clip of yourself being interviewed on, say, CNN. I’ve seen speakers do this, and it’s a really bad idea—no one wants to go along with you on your ego trip. The people in your audience are already listening to you live; why would they want to simultaneously watch your talking-head clip on a screen?
视频对很多讲者都很有用处。恰当地使用视频可以让演讲变得效果非凡，不过也有一些常犯的错误需要避免。视频剪辑需要足够短——如果长于1分钟，你就有可能要失去观众了。特别需注意的是，不要使用企业视频，这看起来像自我宣传或资讯广告，观众其实会自动屏蔽。任何带配乐的视频都可能会让人倒胃口。而且无论如何，别放你自己被什么CNN啊之类采访的视频。我曾看过有演讲者这么做，而且真不怎么样——没人会想要了解你的自大。观众已经在你面前听你现场演讲了，为什么还要同时让他们到看你出现在新闻采访的特写镜头中呢?
Ultimately I learned firsthand what our speakers have been discovering for three decades: Presentations rise or fall on the quality of the idea, the narrative, and the passion of the speaker. It’s about substance, not speaking style or multimedia pyrotechnics. It’s fairly easy to “coach out” the problems in a talk, but there’s no way to “coach in” the basic story—the presenter has to have the raw material. If you have something to say, you can build a great talk. But if the central theme isn’t there, you’re better off not speaking. Decline the invitation. Go back to work, and wait until you have a compelling idea that’s really worth sharing.
总之，我亲身体会了我们的讲者在这30年里所挖掘出来的东西：演讲的成功取决于这个想法的质量、叙述表达的方式以及演讲者的情感。这和内容有关，而不是演讲的风格或是各种绚烂的多媒体。通过训练，演讲中的小毛病很容易就被剔除，但单靠训练却没办法树立起整个故事和想法本身——演讲者心中必须要有货。如果你有要说的东西，你就可以做出很赞的演讲。不过如果没有一个中心思想，那你最好是别说了。拒绝演讲邀请，回去工作，等到你真正有值得分享的想法再来。
每一位成功者的背后都隐藏着许多不为人知的辛勤付出，想要万丈光芒，就要懂得在黑暗中不断摸索前行！
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