01
現在完成時
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1. 現在完成時結構:
主語 + 助動詞have(has) + 動詞過去分詞
否定句:have/has後加not, haven’t/hasn’t
一般疑問句:have/has提前
2. 現在完成時的用法:
(1)表示過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或產生的結果,強調的是這個結果或影響,常與yet,already,just,before,lately等時間狀語連用。
—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃過午飯了嗎?
—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的,我剛吃過。(現在我不餓了。)
I have already posted the photos. 我已經寄過這些照片了。(這些照片已不在我這裡了。)
have(has) gone to,have(has) been to和have(has) been in的區別
1. have (has) gone to表示"已經去某地了",不能與for+一段時間連用。
She has gone to Shanghai.(她可能已在去上海的路上,或已到上海,總之現在不在這裡。)
2. have (has) been to表示"曾經去過某地",不能與for+一段時間連用。
She has been to Shanghai three times.(她已經不在上海,只說明她曾經去過。)
3. have (has) been in/at表示"一直待在某地",常與時間段搭配,指待了很久。
(2)過去發生的事情,一直持續到現在(其謂語動詞多是延續性動詞或表示狀態的詞)。
I haven’t seen her these days. 近來我一直沒見過他。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我認識李雷已經三年了。
They have lived here since 1996. 他們自從1996年就住在這兒。
She has taught us since I came to this school. 自從我來這所學校,她就教我。
3. 現在完成時多與下列時間狀語連用:
(1)用於"過去發生的事,對現在造成的影響或結果"的時間狀語有:
already
用於肯定句,可放在助動詞之後、過去分詞之前,也可放在句末。
yet
用在疑問句中意為"已經",用在否定句中表示"還",常放在句末。
ever
意為"曾經",用於疑問句或否定句中,放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。
never
意為"從來都沒有",常和before連用,多放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。
before
意為"以前",指過去不確定的某個時間,總是放在句末,不受句型的限制。
(2)用於"過去發生的事,一直延續到現在"的時間狀語有:
for + 時間段 for two years
so far 目前;迄今為止
up to now=till now=by now 到現在為止;直到現在
all the time 總是;一直
recently/lately 最近
these days 近幾天
by the end of...到……末/結束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末
during /over the last (past) few years 在過去的幾年中
in the last /past days/ months/ years 在過去的幾個天/月/年中
(3)在條件、時間、讓步狀語從句中,表示將來某時以前已完成的動作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
(4)非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
(5)since與for用法比較
用法
例句
since
用來說明動作起始時間
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這裡。
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. 我姑姑從1949年開始一直在一個小診所工作。
for
用來說明動作延續時間長度
I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我在這裡住了二十多年了。
4. 現在完成時的常用固定句型
(1)That/This/It is the first (second, third ... ) time... (that) ...句型中,從句要用現在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次參觀這座城市。
It is the third time that the boy has been late. 這是這個男生第三次遲到了。
(2)"That/This/It is the + 形容詞最高級 + 名詞 + (that)從句"中,that 從句要用現在完成時。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好看的電影。
(3)在"It is/has been + 一段時間 + since ... "句型中,主句常用現在完成時或一般現在時,從句用一般過去時。
It has been/ It’s 5 years since we last met. 自從上一次我們見面到現在已經是五年了。
It’s / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3個月了。
(4)一段時間+ 完成時結構+ since 引導的時間狀語從句
Two years has passed since I came here. 我來這兒已經兩年了。
誤區提醒
(1)並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這裡工作)
I have worked here for many years. (現在我仍在這裡工作)
(2)短暫性動詞和延續性動詞用於完成時的區別:
延續性動詞表示經驗、經歷;短暫性動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
He has completed the work. (表結果)
I’’ve known him since then.(表經歷)
(3)短暫性動詞和延續性動詞用於till / until從句的差異
延續性動詞用於肯定句,表示"做……直到……";短暫性動詞用於否定句,表示"到……才……"
He didn’’t come back until ten o’’clock. 直到十點鐘他才回來。
He slept until ten o’’clock. 他睡到十點鐘。
【疑難辨析】
1.(2019·新課標II卷·語法填空)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years
【答案】have made
【解析】考查動詞的時態。根據該定語從句中的時間狀語“over the years”可知,此處用現在完成時態,句意:我喜歡到這裡來看看我的家人和我這些年來交到的朋友們。故填have made。
2.(2018·北京卷·單項填空)China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
【答案】B
【解析】考查時態。句意:在過去的幾年裡,中國的高速鐵路已經從9,000公里增長到25,000公里。該句時間狀語為in the past few years。中國高速鐵路的增長是從過去一直到現在幾年裡的情況,故該句應用現在完成時態。B選項正確。
3. In the last few years, China __________ great achievements in environmental protection.
A. has made B. had made C. was making D.is making
【答案】A
【解析】句意:在過去的這些年裡,中國在環境保護中取得了很大的成就。由時間狀語in the last few years可推知動作從過去一段時間持續到現在並對現在造成影響,用現在完成時。故選A。
02
過去完成時
1. 基本結構:
肯定句:主語 + had + 過去分詞 + 其他.
否定句:主語 + had + not + 過去分詞 + 其他.
一般疑問句:Had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他?
特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組 + 一般疑問句(Had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他)?
2. 基本用法
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作,也可以說過去的時間關於過去的動作。即"過去的過去"。可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句(在複合句中,由時間連接詞引導的狀語從句叫做時間狀語從句)來表示,也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點鐘,我們已經收到200 張飛船發來的圖片。
(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始,一直延續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態,常和for,since構成的時間狀語連用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當車來的時候,我在車站已經等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
(3)敘述過去發生的事情,在已敘述了過去發生的事情後,反過來追述或補述以前發生的動作時,常使用過去完成時。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對動詞一無所知,因為我沒有好好學習功課。
(4)在含有定語從句的主從複合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發生的動作常用過去完成時。
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
(5)過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞後的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時從句中的動作發生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。
He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)狀語從句:在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在前,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。
如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導的從句。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之後才睡覺。
注意:如果兩個動作緊接著發生,則常常不用過去完成時,特別是在包含before和after的複合句中,因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發生的先後順序已經非常明確,這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達英格蘭之後,努力提高他的英語水平。
(7)動詞think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙,但沒有及時趕到那裡。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我們本來希望能來看看你。
(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly...when...,no sooner... than...,It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業了。
3. 過去完成時的語法判定
(1)由時間狀語來判定
一般說來,各種時態都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:
①by + 過去的時間點
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
②by the end of + 過去的時間點
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
③before + 過去的時間點
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(2)由"過去的過去"來判定
過去完成時表示"過去的過去",是指過去某一動作之前已經發生或完成的動作,即動作有先後關係,動作在前的用過去完成時,在後的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在:
①賓語從句中
當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先於主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。如told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞後的賓語從句。
She said that she had seen the film before.
②狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發生有先後關係,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在後的要用一般過去時。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意:before,after 引導的時間狀語從句中,由於 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先後關係,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
③表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本……,未能……"。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
(3)根據上、下文來判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
【巧學妙記】
過去完成時記憶口訣
Had 加上"過去分",構成過去完成時。
過去完成的意義,也表"完成"或"延續"。
若有主、從兩個句,先後動作分別敘。
哪個在先哪"完成",哪個在後哪"過去"。
1.(2019·天津卷·單項填空)I __________ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldn't manage it.
A. had hopedB. am hoping
C. have hopedD. would hope
【答案】A
【解析】考查過去完成時。句意:我本來計劃在Peter結婚時送他一個禮物的,可是我沒有做到。第二個分句中“couldn’t”用的是一般過去時,它之前的動作用過去完成時。故選A。
2. (2018·天津卷·單項填空) If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意:如果我們昨天趕上飛機的話,現在我們正在海灘享受我們的假日了。根據時間狀語yesterday可知,從句表示與過去事實相反,故用had + v-ed。故選A。
3.(2017·北京卷·單項填空)In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented
C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在美國20世紀50年代的時候,大多數的家庭家裡只有一部電話,並且無線電話還根本沒有發明出來。根據句意可知用被動語態,排除A和C,事情發生在過去,與現在無關,不用現在完成時,排除B,故選D,過去完成時的被動語態。
03
將來完成時
1. 將來完成時的構成:"will/shall + have + 過去分詞"。
Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大學生活之後我能變成熟。
Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 僅短短 5 年時間後,你的錢就會增多 94,000 美元。
He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday. 他會為昨天公佈的電話民意調查結果感到鼓舞。
2. 將來完成的用法
(1)表示"將來完成":即表示到將來某個時間為止勢必會完成或預計要完成的動作。
When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那裡時她會已經上班去了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我預料到明天你就會改變主意了。
(2)表示"持續":即表示某種狀況將一直持續到說話人所提及的某一將來時間。
We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆就結婚滿1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻,我就已經為該公司工作24年了。
(3)表示"推測:即表示根據某情況作出的推測。
That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 準是羅蘭。他說他7點鐘回來。
There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定會有結果。
1.(2019·江蘇卷·單項填空)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.
A. will installB. will have been installed
C. are installedD. have been installed
【答案】B
【解析】考查時態和語態。句意:他們正努力確保在2022年北京冬奧會之前安裝5G終端。表示在將來某一時間以前已經完成或一直持續的動作,用將來完成時。“5G終端”和“安裝”之間是被動關係,用被動語態,故選B。
2.It’s reported that by the end of the month, the output of cement in the factory___________by about 10%.
A. will have risenB. will be rising
C. has risenD. has been rising
【答案】A
【解析】考查時態。由時間狀語"by the end of the month"可知此處表示在將來某時已經完成的動作,因此用將來完成時。
3.You needn’t hurry her. It___________by her by the time you are ready.
A.will have been finishingB.has finished
C.will have been finishedD.will be finished
【答案】C
【解析】考查時態和語態。"by the time you are ready"表示將來的某個時間,此處表示將來完成的動作,故應使用將來完成時,根據句意,事情應該被完成,所以C項正確。
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