高考各種從句所有考點解析

高考各種從句所有考點解析

一、主語從句(subject clause)

在主句中用作主語的主謂結構稱之為主語從句。

例句:

That he will come to the discussion is certain.

他來參加討論是確定的。

That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.

月球繞地球轉動,這是我們大家都熟知的。

When the meeting is to be held

has not yet been decide.

會議什麼時候召開還沒有決定。

主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主語,而將主語從句放在後面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為:

It is certain that he will come to

the discussion.

It is well known to all of us that

the moon moves round the earth.

二、賓語從句(object clause)

在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結構稱之為賓語從句。

在引導賓語從句時,從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。

1. 動詞後的賓語從句

We know that a parrot can’t really

speak.

我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。

He wants to tell us what he thinks.

他想告訴我們他所想的事情。

Knowing that it was going to rain,

they decided to work inside the house.

知道要下雨了,於是他們決定在室內工作。(現在分詞knowing的賓語從句)

I want to know whether/if you still

work in the factory.

我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。(不定式to know的賓語從句)

The club will give whoever wins a

prize.

獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。

Up to now we can’t say whether his

theory can stand the test.

到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經得住考驗。

2. 形容詞的賓語從句

有些形容詞可以用that引導賓語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的態度並帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有:

afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad, grateful,happy, proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等。

I am glad that you have come.

你來了,我真高興。

I am afraid that you are wrong on

this point.

恐怕你在這點上是錯誤的。

He is quite confident that he will

pass the examination.

他很有信心通過這個考試。

三、表語從句(predicative clause)

在主句中擔當表語的主謂結構稱之為表語從句。

One idea is that fish is the best

brain food.

有一種看法認為魚是最好的補腦食品。

The problem is where we can

hold our meeting.

問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。

My question is how information

is stored in the long-term memory.

我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。

That is what he really wants.

那就是他真想要的東西。

It seems that everything goes

smoothly.

似乎一切都進行得很順利。

四、同位語從句

同位語從句用於對前面出現的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞that引導,由於先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導。

常見的先行名詞有:

fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.

有時由於謂語較短,將同位語從句位於謂語之後。

如:

I had no idea how many books I

could borrow at a time.

The news came that their team

had won the championship.

名詞性從句的用法及定義

1.that 引導主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.

她的頭髮正在變白,這使她很不安。

that引導主語從句,it作形式主語,that不能省略。

That she is a rich woman is known

to us all.

眾所周知,她是個富有的女人。

這是that 引導主語從句,that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。

2.從句作主語時,多數情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在後面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。

例:

①It wasn’t very clear what she

meant.

不清楚她是什麼意思。

②It is important that he should

come on time.

他按時來是很重要的。

③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here.

左邊那個人是本地的一位著名作家,這是真的。

這裡,第一個that 引導主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞,作句子成分,是man 的定語。

3.whether 既可以引導主語從句也可以引導賓語從句,但if不能引導主語從句。whether 後面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.

如:

①Whether I knew John doesn’t

matter.

= It doesn’t matter whether I knew

John.

我是否認識約翰沒有關係。

②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t

clear.

= Whether she’ll come or not isn’t

clear.

= It isn’t clear whether ….

她是否來還不清楚。

It +動詞+從句

seem,appear,happen,look,matter,

make,strike,occur

It appeared that he had a happy

childhood.

看來他有一段幸福的童年。

It made us very happy that she was saved.

她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。

It is +形容詞+從句

true,strange,necessary,important,

certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probable

It is certain that free medical care

will be given to mostpeople in our city.

我們城市的多數人將享受免費醫療,這是一定的。

It is obvious that he has been treated.

很明顯他已經被款待了。

It is +名詞+從句

fact,surprise,pity,honor,

common knowledge

It is common knowledge that the

moon cannot give out light.

月亮不會發光,這是常識。

It is a surprise that you gave such

an answer to the question.

你對這個問題作了這樣的回答,令人吃驚。

It+be+分詞+從句

said,reported,believed,known,

decided,thought,expected, announced

It is said that Jack has been to

Europe.

據說Jack去過歐洲。

It was reported that a new park will be built.

據報道將要建造一個新的公園。

需要注意的是,作為形式主語的it並無實際意義,只是為了滿足語法上的需要,避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式充當。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學們需要多多練習。

高考各種從句所有考點解析

從句:定語從句的簡化規律

(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”

如果定語從句的時態與主句的時態具有同時性(包括謂語有情態動詞)或之後性,則可以用“關係代詞或關係副詞+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞。

We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in

which they could play in.

我們搬到了鄉下,好讓孩子們有個花園在裡面玩。

改為:

We moved to the country so that the

children would have a garden in which to play.

(二)改用“介詞短語”

介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式:

(1)省略“關係副詞+主語+be動詞”,或“關係代詞+be動詞”;

(2)根據從句的意思改編。

We have never forgotten the days

(when we were) at college.

我們從來沒有忘記在大學對書的日子。

I don’t know the person (who is) in

your office.

在你辦公司的那個人我不認識。

He is not a person who likes to

haggle over every ounce.

改為:

He is a person above personal

interests.

他不是一個斤斤計較的人。

(三)改用“現在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”

“現在分詞短語”作後置定語

此項要明白三點:

(1)“現在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關係;

(2)它隱含的時態為與謂語動詞同一階段的時態。例如:謂語是一般現在時或將來時,現在分詞所隱含的是現在時、現在正在繼續時;如果謂語動詞為一般過去時或將來時,現在分詞所隱含的時態為過去時、過去正在進行時;

(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動語態”。如果信息的中心在什麼時候可以用現在分詞呢?

當被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用現在分句短語作後置定語由於主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以它們的隱含時為“一般現在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作後置定語。為了看清分詞所隱含的時態,配上定語。

為了大家看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞所替代的時間展示出來

Anyone touching that wire will get

an electric stock.

任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。

=Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.

注:雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞,但是如果從句裡的時態不是同步,則不可以用“現在分詞”去作後置定語,只能用“定語從句”。

Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?

你知道有誰丟了一隻貓?

定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位於先行詞之後,由關係代詞或關係副詞引導。

限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起修飾作用,緊接先行詞之後,無逗號,若省去,原句意思不完整。

引導定語從句的關係代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。

who,whom,whose用於指人,whose有時也可指物,相當於of which;which用於指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用於限制性定語從句中。

如:

The computers and cables which

make up the Internet are owned

by people and organizations.

Those who live alone or who are

sick may have trouble in getting

close to other people.

The girl whose parents died in an

accident is living with her

grandmother.

1)當先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞。

That is all that I've heard from him.

He's the first person that I'm going

to interview this afternoon.

2)關係代詞的省略

在從句中作賓語的關係代詞常可省略。關係代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時不可用that,只可用which或whom引導從句,並且不可省略。

如:

This is one of those things with which we have to put up.

This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引導定語從句的關係副詞有when,where,why等。

關係副詞在從句中作狀語,意義上相當於一個“介詞+which”的結構。

如:

No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day

* 非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個主句,起補充說明作用,與主句之間有逗號隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導非限制性定語從句。關係詞不可省略。

如:

Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.

“介詞+which\whom\whose”引導的定語從句

“介詞+which\whom\whose”可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從句,該結構中介詞的選擇取決於從句謂語動詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習慣搭配。

如:

This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.

It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

*as引導的定語從句

as引導的定語從句主要用於“such...as”及“the same...as”的結構中,代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句可位於主句之前、之後或中間。

如:

These are not such problems as can be easily solved.

(as代替先行詞problems)

As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主語)

關係副詞引導的定語從句

關係副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

1)when, where, why 關係副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用。

例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

2)that代替關係副詞

that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。

例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

關係代詞引導的定語從句

關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)

例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

Please pass me the book

whose (of which) cover is green.

請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3)which, that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等

例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語)

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)

We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.

我們從來沒有忘記在大學對書的日子。

I don’t know the person (who is) in

your office.

在你辦公司的那個人我不認識。

狀語從句

✩地點狀語從句

引導地點狀語從句的連詞是where,wherever.

✩原因、結果和目的狀語從句

1)引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。

2)引導結果狀語從句的連詞有:

so...that, such...that , so that,that,so等。

Eg.Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

3)引導目的狀語從句的連詞有:

so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等,

從句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情態動詞。

Eg. We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.

✩條件和讓步狀語從句

1)引導條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組:

if,unless, as(so) long as,

on condition that,in case,

provided(providing) that, supposing等。

Eg. As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.

2)引導讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組:

though,although,whether,

even though,even if,no matter what

whatever (whenever,wherever,however....) 等。

though,even if等引導狀語從句可轉換成含有as的部分倒裝結構,具有強調意義。

其結構為“形容詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。

Eg. No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.

高考各種從句所有考點解析

✩時間狀語從句

引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有:

when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。

eg. We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

狀語從句常用引導詞

✧時間狀語從句

常用引導詞:

when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until

特殊引導詞:

the minute、the moment、the second、every time、immediately、the day、 directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、hardly…when(剛一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾乎沒有…的時候)

✧地點狀語從句

常用引導詞:where

特殊引導詞:wherever、anywhere、everywhere

高考各種從句所有考點解析

✧原因狀語從句

常用引導詞:because、since、as、for

特殊引導詞:seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that

✧結果狀語從句

常用引導詞:so…that、such…that

特殊引導詞:such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that

✧目的狀語從句

常用引導詞:so that、such that

特殊引導詞:to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that、in order that

✧條件狀語從句

常用引導詞:

if、unless、whether(whether…or not)

特殊引導詞:

as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、supposing that、in case that、on condition that

✧讓步狀語從句

常用引導詞:

though、although、even if、even though

特殊引導詞:

as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever

✧方式狀語從句

常用引導詞:as、as if、how

特殊引導詞:the way

✧比較狀語從句

常用引導詞:as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導詞:

the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、not so much A as B

區分 that 與 what 引導的從句

一、引導主語從句

that與what都可引導主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。

如:

What he said at the meeting was

very important.

他在會上所說的非常重要。(賓語)

What surprised us is that he did it

alone.

使我們吃驚的是他一個人做了那項工作。(主語)

That he did it alone surprised us.

他獨自完成了那項工作使我們感到吃驚。(that用來引導主語從句,在句中不作成分)

二、引導賓語從句

that與what都可引導賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。

如:

They stopped to see what was happening.

他們停下來看發生了什麼事情。(主語)

The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done.

那個男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。(what在賓語從句中作賓語)

We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed.

我們必須相信,我們每一個人都能把某件事情辦好;而且,當我們發現這事情是什麼的時候,我們就必須努力幹下去,直到成功為止。(第一個that可省略,第二個that不能省略)

三、引導表語從句

that與what都可引導表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。

如:

Mary is no longer what she used to be.瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。(what在表語從句中作表語)

The question is what we should do to prevent him from going.

問題是我們怎樣做才能阻止他去。(what在表語從句中作動詞do的賓語)

The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is ill.

他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。(that只起連接作用)

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四、引導同位語從句

that與what都可引導同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體內容進行詳細闡述。這類名詞有:

fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。

如:

I have no idea what we should do

next.我不知道我們下一步該做什麼。(賓語)

He made a promise that he would study hard.他許諾要努力學習。(that只起連接作用)

The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up.

那個男孩兒表達了他長大後想當一名飛行員的願望。(that只起連接作用)

五、引導定語從句

that可引導定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。

如:

This is one of the buildings that were built last year.

這是去年建的樓房之一。(that在定語從句中作主語,指物,不能省略。)

注意:

what不能引導定語從句。

如不能說:

1.He did all what he could to save the patient.

2.All what he needs is more time.

應將句中的what改為that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉。

六、引導狀語從句

so...that, such ...that, so that結構引導狀語從句。what不能引導狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導讓步狀語從句。

如:

Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.

請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。

Don’t believe him no matter what he says.

無論他說什麼,都不要相信他。

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