語法講座五：冠詞、數詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、強調句
一、冠詞
冠詞只用在名詞前，分為不定冠詞a, an和定冠詞the。
1. 不定冠詞a, an：
A. 表示“一個......”。如：a book, a train。
B. 表示“每一”，如：three times a day。
C. 在文中第一次提到的表示人或事物的單數可數名詞。如：Yesterday morning I met an old man in the street.
D. 用於某些詞組。如：as a result因此, in a word總之, have a rest
***元音字母開頭的詞前用an, 例外情況：字母u發ju:的時候用a，如：a useful suggestion, a university；輔音字母開頭的詞前用a，例外情況：honest, hour, honor前用an
2. 定冠詞the：
A. 在文中第二次以及第二次之後提到的人或事物前。
B. 樂器前。如：play the piano/violin/guitar。
C. 某些專有名詞前。如： the Great Wall, the Yangtze River。
D. 序數詞前。
E. 形容詞最高級前。
F. 世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：the Mars火星, the land, the sky, the earth, the universe宇宙。
G. 姓氏複數前，表示“某某一家或某某夫婦”。如：the Smiths
H. the +形容詞/現在分詞、過去分詞，表示一類人。如：the poor, the rich, the old, the missing那些失蹤的人， the living生者, the injured傷員, the disabled殘疾人。
I. 用於某些固定詞組。如：on the Internet, go to the cinema
3. 零冠詞：名詞前不使用冠詞的情況
A. 固定詞組。如：at first, for example, go to school, go to church去教堂做禮拜, go to college, by car, in
conclusion結論是；總之
B. 一日三餐前。如：have supper
C. 球類、棋類前。如：play chess, play soccer, play tennis
D. 頭銜名詞作同位語、表語、補足語時。如：president總統；總裁, monitor班長
E. 名詞前已有形容詞性物主代詞或序數詞修飾時。如：his biggest hobby, my fourteenth birthday
F. 單個詞表示節日、月份、星期幾時。如：Christmas, January, Saturday
注：冠詞是高考必考考點，一般是一個填空或一個改錯。
2014—2018年高考真題改錯：冠詞
1. During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.(2018.全國一)
2. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons. (2018.全國二)
3. I still remember how hard first day was.(2017.全國一)
4. They live far from the school, and it takes them a hour and a half to go to work every day.(2017.全國二)
5. But in that case, we will learn little about world.(2016. 全國二)
6. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.(兩處錯；2016. 全國三)
7. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.(2015. 全國一)
8. We allow tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere.(兩處錯；2014. 全國一)
2014—2018年高考真題語法填空：冠詞
1. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ______ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. （2018.全國二）
2. As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017. 全國一)
3. Instead, she is earning 6500 pounds a day as ________ model in New York.(2017. 全國三)
4. Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.(2016. 全國二)
5. Now years later, the river is one of _________most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014全國一)
6. Unexpectedly I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at_______top of her lungs.(2018全國二)
冠詞語法填空答案：1. the 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. the 6. the
二、數詞（講座PPT部分略掉）
數詞分為基數詞和序數詞兩種。
1. 基數詞表示人或事物的數量，如：one, two, three, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, nineteen, thirty, eighty-five, a hundred...
2. 序數詞表示人或事物的順序，如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth,
twentieth, forty-sixth...(黑體的為重難點)...3. “在.....世紀......年代”：in+the+年號+s或’s, 如：in the 1870s/’s十九世紀七十年代
4. “在某人幾十多歲的時候”：in+one’s+基數詞幾十的複數，如：in her fifties在她五十多歲的時候
5. 分數表達法：分子用基數詞/分母用序數詞，分子是二或超過二，分母序數詞後加s。如：one/a third三分之一，three fifths五分之三，five sixths六分之五。固定說法：a half二分之一，a quarter四分之一, three quarters四分之三
注：序數詞主要考察語境：第......世紀，第......層樓，第......個生日，......週年，......等獎或第......名
三、代詞
代詞是代替名詞的詞。
單數
複數
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
人稱代詞
主格
I
you
he she it
we
you
they
賓格
me
you
him her it
us
you
them
物主代詞
形容詞性
my
your
his her its
our
your
their
名詞性
mine
yours
his hers its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代詞
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指示代詞
this, that, these, those, such這，這些；那，那些
相互代詞
each other(兩者之間)互相, one another(三者或三者以上)互相
不定代詞
普通
each, both, another, either(兩者中)任一, neither, many, much, few, little
複合不定代詞
anyone, anybody, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, no one, none, everything, everyone, everybody
疑問代詞
who, whom誰, whose誰的, which哪一個, what 什麼
連接代詞
名詞性從句的引導詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whose, whom, whomever
關係代詞
定語從句的引導詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
注：代詞的主要高考考點是物主代詞，人稱代詞的主賓格，反身代詞，it，連接代詞，關係代詞
2014—2018年高考真題改錯：代詞
1. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks and another animals.(2018.全國一)
2. My parents didn’t let me play cartoons. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.(2018.全國二)
3. I had done myself homework, but I was shy.(2018.全國三)
4. Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.(2017.全國二)
5. This picture of my high school often brings back to me many happy memories of your old days.(2017.全國三)
6. Instead, my uncle hopes that her business will grow steady.(兩處錯；2016. 全國一)
7. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.(兩處錯；2016. 全國二)
8. Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.(2015. 全國二)
2014—2018年高考真題語法填空：代詞
1. If you are time poor, you need to run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should give_______ a try.(2018. 全國一)
2. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25, 000 people were using_________ every day.(2017. 全國二)
3. On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by_______(it) mother.(2016. 全國一)
4. A few hours__________(early), I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with______(it) choking smog.(2015 全國一)
5. Then the driver stood up and asked, “_________anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It’s__________(I).”(2014全國二)
6. When the gorillas (大猩猩)and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _________(they) alive.(2018全國二)
代詞語法填空答案：1. it 2. it 3. its 4. earlier, its 5. Did, me/mine 6. them
四、介詞
介詞後面必須加名詞或動名詞。
1. 普通介詞：at, on, in, by, for, from, of, to, with
2. 其它介詞：about, before, after, behind, besides, above, below, over, under, until/till, since, including,
considering, despite, between, among, through, across, beyond, during, upon, beside,
past, near, around, along/down, against, as, except
3. 合成介詞：onto, into, within, without
4. 短語介詞：next to, instead of, in front of, in spite of, because of, as for, due to, owing to, as a result of
考點：1. by/without/after/before/on/instead of/because of+doing sth. 2. 短語搭配。
2014—2018年高考真題改錯：介詞
1. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.(有兩處錯誤，2018.全國一)
2. They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017.全國二)
3. When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.(2017.全國三)
4. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time.(兩處錯；2016. 全國一)
5. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.(兩處錯；2016. 全國三)
6. Unfortunately, on the development of the industrialization(工業化), the environment has been polluted.(2015. 全國一)
7. The shop was very crowded. Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015. 全國二)
8. Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back yard.(兩處錯；2014. 全國一)
9. We have little homework every day. Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities.(2014. 全國二)
2014—2018年高考真題語法填空：介詞
1. This trend, which was started by the medical community(醫學界)_______ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side_________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease--- the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017. 全國一)
2. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree__________ engineering or architecture.(2017. 全國三)
3. Most of us are more focused_________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. (2016.
全國二)
4. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat __________their hands.(2016. 全國三)
5. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away_________car and offers all the scenery of the
better-known city.(2015 全國一)
6. On the bus, I got a place next _______ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014全國
二)
7. I was searching_________these three western lowland gorillas(大猩猩) I’d been observing.(2018全國二)
介詞語法填空答案：1. as, effects 2. in 3. on 4. with 5. by 6. to 7. for
五、連詞
並列連詞：and, but, or, so, for因為, when突然, while而, both...and..., not only...but also..., as well as也；還有, either...or..., neither...nor...
從屬連詞：when, while, as, since, after, before, until, once, as soon as, because, now that既然，由於, although/though, even if/even though, no matter+疑問詞, 疑問詞+ever, if, unless, so that, so...that..., as if/as though好像, than, where, as long as/so long as只要......就......
2014—2018年高考真題改錯：連詞、從句引導詞
1. They also had a small pond which they raised fish.(2018.全國一)
2. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned to be very useful later in my life.(2018.全國二)
3. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines
and musical instruments.(2017.全國三)
4. My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.(2016. 全國一)
5. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.(2016. 全國一)
6. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.(2016. 全國二)
7. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.(2015. 全國一)
8. Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any
disease or insect attack problems.(2014. 全國一)
六、 強調句
1. It is/was（被強調部分）that…句式。這個強調句型可以強調除謂語動詞之外的幾乎所有句子成分，包括：主語、賓語、表語、狀語。小到一個詞，大到一個從句。
例句：
It is I who/that am the teacher, so you must obey my rules.
It was a new computer that I bought last week.
It was yesterday evening that they watched a comedy on TV.
It was around the street corner that Mr. Smith met an old friend of his.
It was not until she finished her graduation paper that she went home by train.
It was because the boy had a high fever that he failed to go to school.
It was when he noticed the headmaster approaching that he stopped complaining about the hard physics exam.
2. did/do/does用於動詞原形前，強調謂語動詞，尚未發生的，翻譯為“一定要”，已經完成的，翻譯為“確實，的確”。
例句：
Do be careful next time you drive a car. 下次開車的時候一定要當心。
The thief did tell a lie when being questioned by the police.在接受警方問詢的時候，那個小偷確實撒了謊。
It does rain a lot in this area in summer.這個地區夏季降雨量確實很大。
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