高考命题失误分类评析(6)

高考命题失误分类评析(6)

三、语言的发展与分歧(1)

语言是在不断发展的。在发展的过程中分歧是不可避免地存在的。下面的命题失误都与语言的发展或分歧有关。

1.________ a reply,he decided to write again.

A.Not having receiving B.Receiving not

C.Not having received D.Having not received

评析:所给标准答案是C,因为我们原来认为非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前加not等否定词,不可将not等否定词置于非谓语动词内部。现在从语言的发展来看,答案D也是正确的,即having done(ing形式的完成式)的否定式可以将not置于having后。分析如下:

根据贺立民教授的《贺氏英文法全书》下册P.60的叙述,“美语中的完成式的否定式也可将not置于having之后”。例如:Having not understood what he said,I asked him to repeat his directions.我因为没听懂他所说的,所以请他把他的指示再说一遍。(《贺氏英文法全书》下册,P.370)

Having never flown in an airplane before,the little girl was surprised and a little frightened when her ears popped.这小女孩以前从未坐过飞机,她的耳朵砰砰作响时,她又惊奇又有一点害怕。(出处同上)

人民教育出版社的曹洁先生也通过同英语国家人士讨论肯定了这一用法(详见《中小学英语》1999年第7-8期)。

再如课本中的例句:

Having not received any news from home for so long,she got more and more homesick.(SEFC2BP.120)

2.①If we had followed his plan,we could have done the job better with ________ money and ________ people.

A.less;less B.fewer;fewer

C.less;fewer D.fewer;less

②If we had followed his plan,we could have done the work better with money ________ and ________ people.

A.little;fewer B.fewer;less C.less;fewer D.less;few

③He made the ________ mistakes in the dictation exercise.

A.less B.least C.fewer D.fewest

评析:上面三题都是在考查less修饰不可数名词,fewer修饰可数名词的用法,答案分别为C、C、C。实际上,less也能修饰复数可数名词。

在现代英语中,less已逐渐打破传统的语法规则,被用来代替fewer修饰复数可数名词。例如:

The roof has fewer/less leaks than our old one.(《英语语法大全》,R.Quirk著)

If only these were less holes in the roof…(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

I've got less friends this year than that ever before.(《牛津英语用法指南》,Michael Swan著)

Fewer(or less)people study Latin today than formerly.学习拉丁语的人现在比以前少。(《英美语惯用法辞典》,井上义昌著)

Try to make less mistakes.尽量少犯错误。(《英华大词典》,郑易里等著)

If only there were less holes in the roof!(《现代英语用法词典》,张道真著)

The greatest talkers are always the least doers.(出处同上)

葛传先生在《英语惯用法词典》中明确指出:“……但事实上把less用作fewer解也有:如less people和less houses”。

徐达山、王福祯在《英语惯用法词典》中对less修饰不可数名词的用法叙述的很详细,摘录如下:

“一般说来,less用在不可数名词前,但这条规则表示一成不变的,要避免使用a few,fewer,many fewer,several fewer等这样费解的短语。在下列情况下,在可数名词前可用 less。

a)当名词前有数词修饰词。例如:

Five more candidates entered this year than last,but three less passed.今年比去年多了五个候选人,通过的却少了三个。

Now that the children are away at school,we have two less mouths to feed.孩子们上学去了,所以我们可以少做两个人的饭。

b)名词前有a few等修饰时。

It would have provided her professional detractors with a few less redoubts for attack.这就会向那些专门诋毁她的家伙多提供一些攻击的机会。

We could do with a few more workers and a few less supervisors.再增加几个人,减少几个监工,我们也行。

c)在表示时间、距离、金钱等的短语中用less是由于人们习惯上把这些单位作为一个整体看待。例如:

in less(fewer)than four hours不到4小时,less than 100 miles不到100英里,less than $5,000不到5000美元。

d)在一些习惯用语中,说话人使用这些用语时,往往着眼于有关事物的大约的量,而不去细算精确的数额。例如:

You may write a note in fifty words or less.你可以写一张 50字以内的便条。

There he found no less than three officials waiting to question him.在那儿他发现至少有三位考官等着问他。

Last night I read forty pages,more or less.昨天晚上我看了40页左右。

e)用在感叹句中。例如:

If only there were less holes!要是窟窿少些该多好啊!

f)在其它某些情况下,也可用less修饰可数名词。例如: Less people study Latin today than formerly.现在学习拉丁语的人比从前少。

Every fascist dead is fascist less.法西斯分子死一个就少一个。”

(未完待续)

(段惠彬 原连载于《基础教育外语教学研究》2002年第9-11期)

本文由书生小二郎原创。

小二郎在省重点高中从事英语教学20余年,所带班级高考重点率在93.5%以上,多名学生考入香港大学、北京大学、清华大学、浙江大学、北京外国语大学等名校,擅长指导学生短期内快速提高英语能力和考试成绩。


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