如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


有很多英語學習者問怎麼樣提升寫作水平。

不少學習者努力的記憶各種詞組和句型表達,比如增加(increase、climb、surge、boom)、減少(decrease、dive、drop、jump、plummet),比如特殊句型:only if…、by no means…等等。

我這裡要講的是,寫作最核心的是框架,也就是文章的謀篇佈局,句型和用詞倒是其次。說白了,寫文章要清晰明瞭的確定第一段寫什麼、第二段寫什麼,怎麼開頭(鳳頭)、過渡(豬肚)、結尾(豹尾)。

寫作是為了表達意思去選擇合適的句型和詞語,而不是為了用花哨的句型和詞語硬搬硬湊。最好的文章給人傳遞出很明確的信息和情感,再加之合理的層次關係,絕對會是上乘之作,比如說海明威的《老人與海》,幾乎沒有任何花裡胡哨,簡單的文字足以震懾人心。

今天我們看一下《經濟學人》對中國火鍋行業的觀察,文章邏輯分明、層次豐富,絕對可以參考寫作。

為了避免打亂欣賞文章的節奏,以下不會對所有生詞都做解釋,也不會對所有句子都做翻譯,我怕中文翻譯不好,影響對原文的欣賞。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第一段


①Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, has an ancient rivalry with Chongqing, a city to its south-east. ②Residents of Chongqing accuse their Chengdu cousins of being pompous. The people of Chongqing are hotheads, Chengdu dwellers shoot back. ③Both cities share a love of spice-laden Sichuan cuisine, which in recent decades has conquered Chinese palates. ④But they are at war over which has the best Sichuan hotpot—a type of DIY-cooking that involves boiling vegetables and slices of meat in a communal broth with chillies and numbing peppercorns.

第①句交代了成都(四川的首都)和重慶互相地理位置,又是古老的對手(ancient rivalry)。

第②句說成都和重慶互懟,去過四川或者重慶的應該都聽過當地人對對方不屑一顧。

第③句說明火鍋在中國的普及程度,已經佔領了中國人的味覺(conquered Chinese palates),看著這句話,就想起來不單是成都和重慶大街小巷開滿了火鍋店,全國各地都有火鍋店,說conquer不為過。

第④句看經濟學人如何描述火鍋:一種自制的菜餚(DIY-cooking)——一桌人共用(communal)煮沸(boiling)的肉湯(broth)里加蔬菜(vegetables)、肉片(slices of meat)、辣椒幹(chillies)和麻辣胡椒粒(numbing peppercorns)。

這一段話交代了大量的信息,包括人文、地理、食物、行業(火鍋佔領),沒有一句廢話,也沒有高深的句型和詞語,讀起來就是順。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第二段


①A private museum in Chongqing, opened several years ago, makes the case for Chongqing-style hotpot. ②It describes how it developed from a method used to make cheap offcuts of meat taste delicious

. ③But Chengdu is playing catch-up. In January the city sold a plot of land on condition that the developer build a hotpot museum on part of it. ④Such presumptuous behavior will test the famous fiery tempers of Chongqing-ites. ⑤Chengdu may be the capital of Sichuan cuisine’s eponymous province, but Chongqing was part of Sichuan for long periods of history until 1997. It is now the capital of its own province-sized region, which is also called Chongqing.

幾年前重慶人辦了一個博物館,展示重慶風格的火鍋。為了使得便宜的邊角料肉類更好吃,人們發明了一種方法,後來發展為火鍋。這個故事大家都聽過,說有些邊角料的肉富貴人家不願意吃,貧苦老百姓拿來做菜,為了增加口感,逐漸發展為火鍋製法。

第⑤句再次交代重慶與四川的歷史關係,1997年從四川獨立出來。

這一段是交代了四川和重慶為了爭奪火鍋之王的稱號,爭相建博物館,可見兩地人對火鍋的熱愛和這種熱情環境下躁動的脾氣。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第三段


①The two cities are among many in China with their own styles of hotpot. ②The stories behind these dishes reveal how different regions like to see themselves. ③Chongqing’s is said to highlight the ingenuity of the proletariat. ④Other places describe their hotpots as the sophisticated food of emperors. ⑤Some say theirs have military origins: warriors on the march boiling scraps in their helmets. ⑥Hotpot contents are equally diverse. ⑦To keep warm in winter, Beijingers boil fatty lamb in a berry broth. ⑧Mint-suffused Yunnanese hotpot reflects the province’s links with South-East Asia.

四川和重慶的火鍋只是中國火鍋種類的其中具有代表性的兩種(第①句),而其他各地火鍋各有故事(stories)。沒錯!火鍋是有故事的!而故事則揭示了當地人希望外人如何看待他們(how different regions like to see themselves)。比如重慶突出表現(highlight)勞苦人民(proletariat)的心靈手巧(ingenuity)。其他地區把火鍋描述為帝王享用的精緻食物(sophisticated food)。有人說火鍋起源於軍隊:行軍途中的勇士在頭盔中加熱殘羹冷炙。

那火鍋的食材是否也有不同?有的!北京人為了保暖喜歡煮肥羊(fatty lamb),而云南與東南亞有聯繫(links with South-East Asia),火鍋多使用薄荷(Mint-suffused)。

這一段是極其考驗詞彙量和寫作素材的,沒有高深的句型,有的是豐富的描述層次感,每一句話都是一個故事。寫作,要積累素材,要知道寫哪些東西,比知道用哪些句型有用的多。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第四段


①But Sichuan-style broths are the most commonly savoured in China. ②In recent years their popularity has been booming. ③China has around 350,000 hotpot restaurants. ④About 40,000 of them are said to be in the Chongqing region alone. ⑤Hotpot restaurants in China are more profitable than other kinds, according to iiMedia, a consultancy. ⑥Haidilao, a well-known Sichuanbased hotpot chain, raised nearly $1bn when it was listed on the Hong Kong exchange in September. ⑦The company is taking its hotpot global. ⑧It expanded into Canada in December. ⑨Branches are set to open in London later this year.

總體來說川鍋在國內是最流行的吃法(the most commonly savoured in China),而且近年來極其火爆(their popularity has been booming)。不單是流行,其利潤也高於其他類型餐飲(more profitable than other kinds),川鍋海底撈連鎖品牌上市時披露其營收達到了10億美元。而且目前正在全球擴張(taking its hotpot global),去年12月開到了加拿大,今年晚些時候要在倫敦開業。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第五段


①The more adventurous tastes of younger Chinese are fuelling demand. ②One third of customers at hotpot restaurants in China are aged between 25 and 30, iiMedia says. ③They often have little time to cook at home and are unburdened by child-care duties. ④They like the social aspects of sharing hotpots. ⑤Round-the-clock restaurants are sprouting up to allow leisurely feasting.

目前的形勢:中國年輕人的嚐鮮口味助推了火鍋的需求(fuelling demand)。(第①句)

年輕人吃火鍋的需求有多旺盛:三分之一(one third)。(第②句)

年輕人喜愛火鍋的原因呢?接下來三句分別說了三點原因

l 年輕人沒時間在家裡煮飯,而且少有照顧小孩的責任(沒生小孩或者交給爸媽照顧了)(第③句)。

l 年輕人喜歡吃火鍋這種形式的社交。(第④句)

l 逐步出現的24小時營業的火鍋店使得悠閒地吃火鍋成為可能。(第⑤句)

這一段是經典寫作範文,第①句說大形勢,第②句用數據佐證,第③④⑤句說明出現這種情況的原因,而且原因的貢獻程度是由大到小。

這種寫作方式是常用的分析型段落。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第六段


①While younger Chinese are increasingly health-conscious, they seem to brush off regular hotpot-hygiene scandals. ②A viral video of a pregnant woman fishing a rat from her broth caused a cooling in the shares of Xiabuxiabu, a chain restaurant named after a Japanese style of hotpot, but they heated up again a few days later. ③Haidilao even won plaudits when it admitted that rats had been found in some kitchens and vowed to clean up its act. ④News of other businesses reusing weeks-old oil in the broth is greeted with a shrug. ⑤The grubbiest hotpot joints are usually the best, young people often say with a grin.

雖然年輕的中國人越來越重視健康問題,但似乎選擇漠視頻繁的火鍋衛生醜聞(brush off regular hotpot-hygiene scandals)。

日本火鍋呷哺呷哺裡吃出老鼠導致其股價涼了幾天,但是過幾天又漲上去了(heated up)。

海底撈承認其廚房發現了老鼠,承諾確保衛生,居然贏得了喝彩(won plaudits)。

新火鍋店使用了放了N周的油(weeks-old oil),消費者報之以無所謂(is greeted with a shrug)。

年輕人常常嘴一咧,說最髒的肉是最好吃的。

注意這裡的幾個用法,特別有意思。weeks-old:放了幾周的油。有調查顯示有人覺得地溝油(Gutter oil)的火鍋好吃。

對火鍋衛生的態度:沒那麼嚴重(young people often say with a grin),好吃就行(is greeted with a shrug)。

寫法上,這段與第五段一樣,第①句統領全段,後續句子層層遞進的證明第①句。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第七段


Not all Chinese warm to hotpot. ②Some older Sichuanese disown it altogether. ③They complain that it is causing an escalation of chilli-use in other dishes that drowns out subtle flavours. ④Chua Lam, a celebrity food critic based in Hong Kong, caused a stir in December when he wished hotpot would disappear from the face of the Earth. ⑤He dismissed it as “the most uncultured form of cooking”, requiring no real culinary knowledge.

難道火鍋是萬人迷,沒人討厭嗎?確實有人不喜歡火鍋。為什麼呢?因為川鍋的盛行導致了紅辣椒在其他菜餚中濫用(an escalation of chilli-use in other dishes),從而淹沒了菜品原本微妙的味道(drowns out subtle flavours)。

更有極端批評者啟動一項行動,希望能讓火鍋在地球上消失,他認為火鍋不需要任何真正的烹飪知識(requiring no real culinary knowledge),是最沒有文化的烹飪(the most uncultured form of cooking)。

一般議論性文章都會寫正反兩面,有正有反才是真實的,這樣才會顯得飽滿。

還是那句話,寫作最重要的是有東西寫,而不是用什麼句型寫。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


第八段


①But Chengdu’s plans for a museum suggest that Sichuan hotpot is not only growing in popularity, but is also becoming iconic. ②If it can set the West on fire, officials may hope it will become a delicious new source of Chinese soft power. ③There will be plenty of glory for both Chengdu and Chongqing to bask in if that happens.

成都建火鍋博物館表明川鍋不僅僅是流行,而是變成了標誌。如果火鍋能點燃西方社會的味蕾,那麼有望成為中國的一項新的軟實力。如果成真的話,成都和重慶可沉浸的榮譽就更多了。

最後一段與第一段、第二段呼應,又回到了四川和重慶建火鍋博物館這件事。

呼應不單單是要呼應現象,更要深層次挖掘其中的社會意義,這樣才能是完整的結束文章。結尾做了深刻的觀察,把火鍋分析為一種文化和軟實力,建博物館已經不再重要,重要的是文化的認同和輸出。




如何描寫火鍋?跟著《經濟學人》學習英語寫作,提升寫作水平


總結

老子《道德經》講道法術:

道,是規則、自然法則,上乘。

法,是方法、法理,中乘。

術,是行式、方式,下乘。

謀篇佈局是,沒有,起承轉合是,句型和詞彙是

謀篇佈局成功了,文章也就成功了一大半,剩下的是如何簡潔、平穩、富有層次的表達含義。

文章不知如何寫起的時候,就想想火鍋,想想這篇文章。


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