ln the years following his proof of the existence of other galaxies, Rubble spent his time cataloging their distances and observing their spectra. At that time most people expected the galaxies to be moving around quite randomly, and so expected to find as many blue-shifted spectra as red-shifted ones. It was quite a surprise, therefore, to find that most galaxies appeared red-shifted: nearly all were moving away from us! More surprising still was the finding that Hubble published in 1929:
even the size of a galaxy’s red shift is not random, but is directly proportional to the galaxy’s distance from us. Or, in other words, the farther a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away! And that meant that the universe could not be static, as everyone previously had thought, is in fact expanding; the distance between the different galaxies is expanding all the time.
The discovery that the universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the twentieth century. With hindsight, it is easy wonder why no one had thought of it before. Newton, and others should have realized that a static universe would soon start to contract under the influence of gravity. But suppose instead that the universe is expanding. If it was expanding fairly slowly, the force of gravity would cause it eventually to stop expanding and then to start contracting.
However, if it was expanding at more than a certain critical rate, gravity would never be strong enough to stop it, and the universe would continue to expand forever. This is a bit like what happens when one fires a rocket upward from the surface of the earth. If it has a fairly low speed, gravity will eventually stop the rocket and it will start falling back. On the other hand, if the rocket has more than a certain critical speed(about seven miles per second), gravity will not be strong enough to pull it back, so it will keep going away from the earth forever. This behavior of the universe could have been predicted from Newton’s theory of gravity at any time in the nineteenth, the eighteenth, or even the late seventeenth century.
Hindsight 後見之明
Contract 收縮
在哈勃證明了其他星系存在之後的幾年裡，他花時間為它們的距離以及觀察到的光譜分類。那時候大部份人相信，這些星系的運動相當紊亂，所以預料會發現和紅移光譜一樣多的藍移光譜。但是，十分令人驚異的是，他發現大部份星系是紅移的——幾乎所有都遠離我們而去！更驚異的是1929年哈勃發表的結果：甚至星系紅移的大小也不是雜亂無章的，而是和星系離開我們的距離成正比。換句話講，星系越遠，則它離開我們運動得越快！這表明宇宙不可能像原先人們所想像的那樣處於靜態，而實際上是在膨脹；不同星系之間的距離一直在增加著。
宇宙膨脹的發現是20世紀最偉大的智慧革命之一。事後想起來，何以過去從來沒有人想到這一點？！牛頓或其他人應該會意識到，靜態的宇宙在引力的影響下會很快開始收縮。然而現在假定宇宙正在膨脹，如果它膨脹得相當慢，引力會使之最終停止膨脹，然後開始收縮。但是，如果它膨脹得比某一臨界速率更快，引力則永遠不足夠強而使其膨脹停止，宇宙就永遠繼續膨脹下去。這有點像一個人在地球表面引燃火箭上天時發生的情形，如果火箭的速度相當慢，引力將最終使之停止並折回地面；另一方面，如果火箭具有比某一臨界值（大約每秒7英里）更高的速度，引力的強度不足以將其拉回，所以它將繼續永遠飛離地球。19世紀、18世紀甚至17世紀晚期的任何時候，人們都可以從牛頓的引力論預言出宇宙的這個行為。
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