An equally remarkable consequence of relativity is the way it has revolutionized our ideas of space and time. In Newton’s theory, if a pulse of light is sent from one place to another, different observers would agree on the time that the journey took (since time is absolute), but will not always agree on how far the light traveled (since space is not absolute). Since the speed of the light is just the distance it has traveled divided by the time it has taken, different observers would measure different speeds for the light. In relativity, on the other hand, all observers must agree on how fast light travels. They still, however, do not agree on the distance the light has traveled, so they must therefore now also disagree over the time it has taken. (The time taken is the distance the light has traveled -which the observers do not agree on - divided by the light’s speed - which they do agree on.) In other words, the theory of relativity put an end to the idea of absolute time! It appeared that each observer must have his own measure of time, as recorded by a clock carried with him, and that identical clocks carried by different observers would not necessarily agree.
Each observer could use radar to say where and when an event took place by sending out a pulse of light or radio waves. Part of the pulse is reflected back at the event and the observer measures the time at which he receives the echo. The time of the event is then said to be the time halfway between when the pulse was sent and the time when the reflection was received back: the distance of the event is half the time taken for this round trip, multiplied by the speed of light. (An event, in this sense, is something that takes place at a single point in space, at a specified point in time.) This idea is shown in Fig. 2.1, which is an example of a space-time diagram. Using this procedure, observers who are moving relative to each other will assign different times and positions to the same event. No particular observer’s measurements are any more correct than any other observer’s, but all the measurements are related. Any observer can work out precisely what time and position any other observer will assign to an event, provided he knows the other observer’s relative velocity.
Pulse 脈衝
相對論的一個同等卓越的成果是，它變革了我們對空間和時間的觀念。在牛頓理論中，如果有一光脈衝從一處發到另一處，（由於時間是絕對的）不同的觀測者對這個過程所花的時間不會有異議，但是他們不會在光走過的距離這一點上取得一致的意見（因為空間不是絕對的）。由於光速等於這距離除以所花的時間，不同的觀察者就測量到不同的光速。另一方面，在相對論中，所有的觀察者必須在光是以多快的速度運動上取得一致意見。然而，他們在光走過多遠的距離上不能取得一致意見。所以現在他們對光要花多少時間上也不會取得一致意見。（無論如何，光所花的時間正是用光速——這一點所有的觀察者都是一致的——去除光所走的距離——這一點對他們來說是不一致的。）總之，相對論終結了絕對時間的觀念！這樣，每個觀察者都有以自己所攜帶的鐘測量的時間，而不同觀察者攜帶的同樣的鐘的讀數不必要一致。
圖2.1 時間用垂直座標測量，離開觀察者的距離用水平座標測量。觀察者在空間和時間裡的途徑用左邊的垂線表示。到事件去和從事件來的光線的途徑用對角線表示。
每個觀察者都可以用雷達去發出光脈衝或無線電波來測定一個事件在何處何時發生。脈衝的一部分由事件反射回來後，觀察者可在他接收到回波時測量時間。事件的時間可認為是發出脈衝和脈衝反射回來被接收的兩個時刻的中點；而事件的距離可取這來回過程時間的一半乘以光速。（在這意義上，一個事件是發生在指定空間的一點以及指定時間的一點的某件事。）這個意思已顯示在圖2.1上。這是時空圖的一個例子。利用這個步驟，作相互運動的觀察者對同一事件可賦予不同的時間和位置。沒有一個特別的觀察者的測量比任何其他人更正確，但所有這些測量都是相關的。只要一個觀察者知道其他人的相對速度，他就能準確算出其他人該賦予同一事件的時間和位置。
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