ln the years following his proof of the existence of other galaxies, Rubble spent his time cataloging their distances and observing their spectra. At that time most people expected the galaxies to be moving around quite randomly, and so expected to find as many blue-shifted spectra as red-shifted ones. It was quite a surprise, therefore, to find that most galaxies appeared red-shifted: nearly all were moving away from us! More surprising still was the finding that Hubble published in 1929:
even the size of a galaxy’s red shift is not random, but is directly proportional to the galaxy’s distance from us. Or, in other words, the farther a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away! And that meant that the universe could not be static, as everyone previously had thought, is in fact expanding; the distance between the different galaxies is expanding all the time.
The discovery that the universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the twentieth century. With hindsight, it is easy wonder why no one had thought of it before. Newton, and others should have realized that a static universe would soon start to contract under the influence of gravity. But suppose instead that the universe is expanding. If it was expanding fairly slowly, the force of gravity would cause it eventually to stop expanding and then to start contracting.
However, if it was expanding at more than a certain critical rate, gravity would never be strong enough to stop it, and the universe would continue to expand forever. This is a bit like what happens when one fires a rocket upward from the surface of the earth. If it has a fairly low speed, gravity will eventually stop the rocket and it will start falling back. On the other hand, if the rocket has more than a certain critical speed(about seven miles per second), gravity will not be strong enough to pull it back, so it will keep going away from the earth forever. This behavior of the universe could have been predicted from Newton’s theory of gravity at any time in the nineteenth, the eighteenth, or even the late seventeenth century.
Hindsight 后见之明
Contract 收缩
在哈勃证明了其他星系存在之后的几年里，他花时间为它们的距离以及观察到的光谱分类。那时候大部份人相信，这些星系的运动相当紊乱，所以预料会发现和红移光谱一样多的蓝移光谱。但是，十分令人惊异的是，他发现大部份星系是红移的——几乎所有都远离我们而去！更惊异的是1929年哈勃发表的结果：甚至星系红移的大小也不是杂乱无章的，而是和星系离开我们的距离成正比。换句话讲，星系越远，则它离开我们运动得越快！这表明宇宙不可能像原先人们所想像的那样处于静态，而实际上是在膨胀；不同星系之间的距离一直在增加着。
宇宙膨胀的发现是20世纪最伟大的智慧革命之一。事后想起来，何以过去从来没有人想到这一点？！牛顿或其他人应该会意识到，静态的宇宙在引力的影响下会很快开始收缩。然而现在假定宇宙正在膨胀，如果它膨胀得相当慢，引力会使之最终停止膨胀，然后开始收缩。但是，如果它膨胀得比某一临界速率更快，引力则永远不足够强而使其膨胀停止，宇宙就永远继续膨胀下去。这有点像一个人在地球表面引燃火箭上天时发生的情形，如果火箭的速度相当慢，引力将最终使之停止并折回地面；另一方面，如果火箭具有比某一临界值（大约每秒7英里）更高的速度，引力的强度不足以将其拉回，所以它将继续永远飞离地球。19世纪、18世纪甚至17世纪晚期的任何时候，人们都可以从牛顿的引力论预言出宇宙的这个行为。
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