一.背包
背包是一种不支持从中删除元素的集合数据类型，目的是帮助用例收集元素并迭代所有收集到的元素，也可以检查背包是否为空，或者获取背包中元素的数量。背包里面的元素的顺序不确定。
要理解背包的概念，可以想象一个喜欢收集弹珠球的人。他将所有的弹珠球都放在一个背包里，一次一个，并且会不时在所有的弹珠球中寻找某一颗；
1.用链表实现
<code>import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdIn;import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdOut;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.NoSuchElementException;public class Bag<item> implements Iterable<item> { private Node<item> first; private int n; private static class Node<item> { private Item item; private Node<item> next; } /** * Initializes an empty bag. */ public Bag() { first = null; n = 0; } public boolean isEmpty() { return first == null; } public int size() { return n; } public void add(Item item) { Node<item> oldfirst = first; first = new Node<item>(); first.item = item; first.next = oldfirst; n++; } public Iterator<item> iterator() { return new ListIterator(first); } private class ListIterator implements Iterator<item> { private Node<item> current; public ListIterator(Node<item> first) { current = first; } public boolean hasNext() { return current != null; } public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public Item next() { if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); Item item = current.item; current = current.next; return item; } } public static void main(String[] args) { Bag<string> bag = new Bag<string>(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { String item = StdIn.readString(); bag.add(item); } StdOut.println("size of bag = " + bag.size()); for (String s : bag) { StdOut.println(s); } }}/<string>/<string>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<code>二.队列
队列的特性：
- 在队尾插入元素，在队首删除元素。
- FIFO（先进先出），就向排队取票一样。
1.用链表实现
<code>package structure;import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdIn;import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdOut;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.NoSuchElementException;public class Queue<item> implements Iterable<item> { private Node<item> first; private Node<item> last; private int n; private static class Node<item> { private Item item; private Node<item> next; } public Queue() { first = null; last = null; n = 0; } public boolean isEmpty() { return first == null; } public int size() { return n; } public Item peek() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Queue underflow"); return first.item; } //增加元素 public void enqueue(Item item) { Node<item> oldlast = last; last = new Node<item>(); last.item = item; last.next = null; if (isEmpty()) first = last; else oldlast.next = last; n++; } //删除元素 public Item dequeue() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Queue underflow"); Item item = first.item; first = first.next; n--; if (isEmpty()) last = null; // to avoid loitering return item; } public String toString() { StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); for (Item item : this) { s.append(item); s.append(' '); } return s.toString(); } public Iterator<item> iterator() { return new ListIterator(first); } private class ListIterator implements Iterator<item> { private Node<item> current; public ListIterator(Node<item> first) { current = first; } public boolean hasNext() { return current != null; } public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public Item next() { if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); Item item = current.item; current = current.next; return item; } } public static void main(String[] args) { Queue<string> queue = new Queue<string>(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { String item = StdIn.readString(); if (!item.equals("-")) queue.enqueue(item); else if (!queue.isEmpty()) StdOut.print(queue.dequeue() + " "); } StdOut.println("(" + queue.size() + " left on queue)"); }}/<string>/<string>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<code>三.栈
（1）栈是一种线性结构，栈中的元素遵循先入后出的原则，最先进入的元素所在位置叫做栈底，最后放入的元素所在位置叫做栈顶。
这种结构类似于盛放羽毛球的圆筒，一端封闭，另一端开口，先放入的羽毛球位于筒的底部（即栈底），后放入的羽毛球位于筒的入口（即栈顶）。
（2）栈也是一种抽象的逻辑结构，依赖于物理结构（如数组、链表）而存在。既可以使用数组实现，也可以使用链表实现。
（3）出栈、入栈的时间复杂都是O(1)。
1.用数组实现
<code>import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdIn;import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdOut;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.NoSuchElementException;public class ResizingArrayStack<item> implements Iterable<item> { private Item[] a; private int n; public ResizingArrayStack() { a = (Item[]) new Object[2]; n = 0; } public boolean isEmpty() { return n == 0; } public int size() { return n; } //重置数组大小 private void resize(int capacity) { assert capacity >= n; // textbook implementation Item[] temp = (Item[]) new Object[capacity]; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { temp[i] = a[i]; } a = temp; // alternative implementation // a = java.util.Arrays.copyOf(a, capacity); } public void push(Item item) { if (n == a.length) resize(2*a.length); a[n++] = item; } public Item pop() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow"); Item item = a[n-1]; a[n-1] = null; n--; if (n > 0 && n == a.length/4) resize(a.length/2); return item; } // 返回栈顶部数据，但不移除 public Item peek() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow"); return a[n-1]; } public Iterator<item> iterator() { return new ReverseArrayIterator(); } private class ReverseArrayIterator implements Iterator<item> { private int i; public ReverseArrayIterator() { i = n-1; } public boolean hasNext() { return i >= 0; } public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public Item next() { if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); return a[i--]; } } public static void main(String[] args) { ResizingArrayStack<string> stack = new ResizingArrayStack<string>(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { String item = StdIn.readString(); if (!item.equals("-")) stack.push(item); else if (!stack.isEmpty()) StdOut.print(stack.pop() + " "); } StdOut.println("(" + stack.size() + " left on stack)"); }}/<string>/<string>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<code>2.用链表实现
<code>import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdIn;import edu.princeton.cs.algs4.StdOut;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.NoSuchElementException;public class Stack<item> implements Iterable<item> { private Node<item> first; private int n; private static class Node<item> { private Item item; private Node<item> next; } public Stack() { first = null; n = 0; } public boolean isEmpty() { return first == null; } public int size() { return n; } public void push(Item item) { Node<item> oldfirst = first; first = new Node<item>(); first.item = item; first.next = oldfirst; n++; } public Item pop() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow"); Item item = first.item; // save item to return first = first.next; // delete first node n--; return item; // return the saved item } //返回栈顶部数据，但不移除 public Item peek() { if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow"); return first.item; } public String toString() { StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(); for (Item item : this) { s.append(item); s.append(' '); } return s.toString(); } public Iterator<item> iterator() { return new ListIterator(first); } private class ListIterator implements Iterator<item> { private Node<item> current; public ListIterator(Node<item> first) { current = first; } public boolean hasNext() { return current != null; } public void remove() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } public Item next() { if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); Item item = current.item; current = current.next; return item; } } public static void main(String[] args) { Stack<string> stack = new Stack<string>(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { String item = StdIn.readString(); if (!item.equals("-")) stack.push(item); else if (!stack.isEmpty()) StdOut.print(stack.pop() + " "); } StdOut.println("(" + stack.size() + " left on stack)"); }}/<string>/<string>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<item>/<code>
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