【GRE阅读解析】Passage 39 【确定猴子的父母】逻辑题 详细解析

Biologists studying wild monkeys sometimes need the genetic material DNA from a particular monkey to determine the animal's parentage. Until recently, DNA could be extracted only from blood. Collecting a blood sample required tranquilizing the donor animal. Now DNA can be extracted from hair. Monkeys shed large quantities of hair in places where they sleep. Therefore, researchers will now be able to determine the parentage of individual monkeys from DNA without tranquilizing the monkeys.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The places in which monkeys sleep are easily accessible to researchers.

B. Information about a particular monkey’s parentage is the only kind of information that can be determined from DNA that has been extracted from that monkey’s hair.

C. For at least some samples of hair collected from monkey habitat it will be possible to associate hairs with the individual monkeys from which they came.

D. Examining DNA is the only way to determine the parentage of wild monkeys.

E. It will be necessary to obtain any hair samples used in determining a monkey’s parentage from a place where the monkey has slept.


答案:C

解析见下。

Biologists studying wild monkeys sometimes need the genetic material DNA from a particular monkey to determine the animal's parentage.

第1句:研究野生猴子的生物学家有时需要一只特定猴子的基因材料DNA来搞清楚该猴子的父母是谁。

搞到猴子的DNA的目的是:为了搞清楚猴子们彼此之间的亲子关系。

Until recently, DNA could be extracted only from blood.

第2句:一直到最近,DNA都只能从血液中提取。

Until recently(一直到最近)的潜台词是,一直到最近之前,都是用老方法(抽血)获取DNA;但从最近开始,有了新办法。新办法是啥,文章后面应该会说的。

Collecting a blood sample required tranquilizing the donor animal.

第3句:获取血液样本需要镇定提供样本的动物。

老方法的局限性:必须要抓住、然后镇定那只猴子,才能抽到血。

Now DNA can be extracted from hair.

第4句:现在DNA可以从毛发中提取。

新的方法出现了:从毛发提取DNA。

Monkeys shed large quantities of hair in places where they sleep.

第5句:猴子会在它们睡觉的地方脱落大量毛发。

毛发比血液更易得吗?是的。这句话告诉我们,不用去抓猴子、镇定猴子,直接去窝里捡毛不就行啦。So easy!

Therefore, researchers will now be able to determine the parentage of individual monkeys from DNA without tranquilizing the monkeys.

第6句:因此,研究者现在不需镇定猴子就能通过DNA确定某只猴子的父母了。

新方法棒棒的,方便简单。如果采用新方法,就能简便地获取DNA,不需要像以前一样苦哈哈地去抓猴子、镇定猴子了。获得了毛发DNA,就能确定掉毛的猴子的爹妈是谁了。

听起来似乎没毛病。但其实是有问题的。

问题在哪?

你不知道你捡的毛是哪只猴子掉的啊!

抽血能确定是从这只猴子身上抽的血,所以能确定它和其他猴子的亲缘关系,达到确定父母的目的。

但是去窝里捡毛,你怎么知道你捡到的是哪只猴子的毛?啊?你都不知道手上的毛是哪只猴子的,测出这毛里的DNA又有什么用呢?还是不能确定是哪只猴子和其他猴子有亲缘关系啊?

这就是本论证的漏洞。

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

下面哪一项是该论证所依赖的假设?

假设的意思是:如果该论证要成立,必须建立在这个假设的基础上。换句话说,假设就是原论证要成立的必备条件。

也就是说,假设就是来填补原论证的漏洞的。假设把漏洞填上了,论证才能成立。所以选C。

C. For at least some samples of hair collected from monkey habitat it will be possible to associate hairs with the individual monkeys from which they came.

至少有一些来自猴子栖息地的毛发样本是可以和该毛发来源的猴子对应起来的。

漏洞在于:不知道捡到的毛是哪只猴子掉的。

现在我们填上漏洞:至少有一些被捡到的毛,能确定是哪只猴子掉的。

所以,分析这种毛,就等于知道了特定的那只猴子的DNA。搞清了那只猴子的DNA,就可以对比它和其他猴子的亲缘关系,达到确定亲子关系的目的。


错误选项解析略,需要请留言。


【GRE阅读解析】Passage 39 【确定猴子的父母】逻辑题 详细解析


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