翻译 ｜ 陈昱
Under India's caste system, Dalits are considered untouchable. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur
在印度的种姓制度下，达利特人被认为是贱民。冠状病毒正在加剧这种污辱
April 17,2020
By Priyali Sur, CNN
New Delhi (CNN) — Polamma carefully descends the 250 steps from the hilltop slum where she lives in southern India to walk one kilometer to the nearest grocery store.
新德里（CNN）— 波拉玛小心地从她居住的印度南部的山顶贫民窟走了250步，步行一公里到最近的杂货店。
She is nine months pregnant and has four children to feed, but at the bottom of the steps community leaders of a dominant caste force her to go back empty-handed.
她已怀孕九个月，有四个孩子要喂养，但在路途的尽头，一个占统治地位的种姓的社区领导人迫使她空手而归。
Since India went into lockdown to stop the spread of coronavirus on March 25, 57 families who live in Polamma's hilltop village in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, have been barred from going down the hill, even to purchase essentials such as food and medicine.
自从印度于3月25日进入封锁状态以阻止冠状病毒的传播以来，波拉玛居住的位于安德拉邦维贾亚瓦达的山顶村庄的57个家庭被禁止下山，甚至禁止购买食品和药品等必需品。
The families are part of the Yanadi community, who work mainly as waste pickers and drain cleaners and who -- even before the coronavirus -- were segregated because of their caste.
这些家庭是雅纳迪社区的一部分，他们的主要工作是拾荒者和下水道清洁工人，而且甚至在冠状病毒发生之前，就由于种姓而被隔离。
"We've been locked up here, like prisoners -- we live near a milk factory, and there is not a drop of milk for my children to drink. We are called dirty, and they say we spread the disease," said Polamma, who only goes by one name.
“我们像囚犯一样被关在这里——我们住在一家牛奶厂附近，却没有一滴牛奶供我的孩子们喝。我们被称为肮脏的人，他们还说我们传播了这种疾病。”只能使用一个名字的波拉玛说。
Pollama said she was stopped by higher caste community members as she tried to walk one kilometer to the market for food.
波拉玛说，当她试图步行一公里到食品市场时，遭到种姓较高的社区成员的阻拦。
India's caste system was officially abolished in 1950, but the 2,000-year-old social hierarchy imposed on people by birth still exists in many aspects of life. The caste system categorizes Hindus at birth, defining their place in society, what jobs they can do and who they can marry.
印度的种姓制度在1950年被正式废除了，但在生活中的许多方面仍然存在着这种从出生时就强加在人们身上的、拥有2000年历史的社会等级制度。种姓制度对印度教徒在出生时就进行了分类，确定了他们在社会中的地位，他们可以从事的工作以及可以与谁结婚。
Those at the bottom of the hierarchy, who fall outside the four main categories of Brahmins (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (traders and merchants) and the Shudras (laborers), are considered "untouchables" or Dalits.
在等级制度最底层的、那些不属于婆罗门（牧师和教师），刹帝利（战士和统治者），吠舍（商人）和首陀罗（工人）这四个主要类别的人，被认为是“贱民”或达利特人。
Millions of people, about 25% of India's population of 1.3 billion people, are grouped under the scheduled castes (Dalits) and scheduled tribes (Adivasis) in India's constitution. Adivasis are indigenous Indians who have been socially and economically marginalized for centuries.
数百万人（占印度13亿人口的25％）被归入印度宪法中规定的种姓（达利特人）和规定的部落（阿迪瓦西斯人）之下。阿迪瓦西斯人是印度人原住民，他们在社会和经济上被边缘化了几个世纪。
Both groups have long endured social isolation, but it's feared the rapid spread of the coronavirus and measures to stop it have worsened their segregation.
这两个人群都长期遭受社会孤立，但是人们担心冠状病毒的迅速传播以及制止它的措施加剧了他们的孤立。
Jobs that Dalits and Adivasis have been forced to take for centuries -- cleaners, manual scavengers and waste pickers -- expose them to a greater risk of catching the virus.
达利特人和原住民被迫从事多个世纪的工作——清洁工，人工清道夫和废物收集工——使他们更容易暴露在感染病毒的风险下。
During the pandemic, their jobs are considered essential services by the Indian government, but many say they haven't been given adequate equipment to protect themselves against Covid-19. And if they get sick, there's no social safety net to ensure they don't fall even deeper into poverty.
在大流行期间，印度政府认为他们的工作是必不可少的服务，但是许多人说，他们没有得到足够的设备来保护自己免受Covid-19的侵害。而且，如果他们生病了，没有社会保障网来确保他们不会陷入更深的贫困之中。
Lower access to services and higher mortality
更少的获得服务的途径和更高的死亡率
When the Spanish Flu pandemic ripped through India in 1918 killing almost 17 million people, caste played a crucial role in determining who received health care -- and who died.
当1918年西班牙流感大流行席卷印度时，几乎有1700万人丧生，种姓在决定谁获得医疗保健以及谁死亡方面起着至关重要的作用。
Lower caste people living in crowded slums were the most exposed to the virus, and the least able to find food and medicine as the flu spread, according to historian David Arnold, who has extensively researched and written about the Spanish Flu epidemic in India.
据历史学家戴维·阿诺德说，生活在拥挤的贫民窟中的低种姓人群最容易感染该病毒，并且在流感传播时最不具有找到食物和药品的能力。他对印度的西班牙流感疫情进行了广泛的研究和撰写。
Historian Amit Kapoor, author of "Riding the Tiger," said 61 lower caste people died for every 1,000 in the community. For upper caste Hindus it was 19 for every 1,000, and the figure was even lower for Europeans living in India.
历史学家阿米特·卡普尔是《骑老虎》的作者，他说，该社区每千人中有61名低种姓人死亡。印度教的上等阶级为每千人19个，居住在印度的欧洲人的数字甚至更低。
However, Kapoor believes that while people belonging to the lower caste were disproportionately impacted in 1918, the situation now is different. "While caste was very predominant in 1918, in 2020 the impact of epidemics have more to do with the economic hierarchy than the social hierarchy." said Kapoor.
然而，卡普尔认为，虽然在1918年，属于下种姓的人们受到的影响不成比例，但现在情况有所不同。卡普尔说：“虽然种姓在1918年占十分主导的地位，但在2020年，流行病的影响更多地与经济等级制有关，而非与社会等级制有关。”
There's little doubt that lower caste Indians are poorer than higher castes.
毫无疑问，低种姓的印度人人比高种姓者更贫穷。
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)'s global multidimensional poverty index (MPI), half of scheduled tribes were considered poor compared to 15% of higher castes.
根据联合国开发计划署（UNDP）和牛津贫困与人类发展倡议（OPHI）的全球多维贫困指数（MPI），列入中的部落中有一半被认为是贫穷的，而等级较高的种姓则为15％。
Poverty makes lower castes more vulnerable during emergencies, according to the findings of a 2013 study by the International Dalit Solidarity Network, a network of international human rights groups fighting Dalit discrimination.
根据国际达利特团结网2013年的一项研究结果，贫困使低等种姓在紧急情况下更容易受到伤害。
For example, after the 2004 Asian tsunami, Dalits were forced to remove bodies and debris, for very little if any pay, and weren't offered any psychological support. Many weren't compensated for their lost possessions, such as the bikes and fishing nets that were swept away, the report said.
例如，在2004年亚洲海啸之后，达利特人被迫以几乎没有报酬的方式清除尸体和碎片，也没有被提供任何心理支持。报告称，许多人得不到任何对其损失的财产的补偿，例如被扫走的自行车和渔网。
Dalit activists fear the coronavirus will again reinforce inequality in India.
达利特活动家担心冠状病毒会再次加剧印度的不平等。
"India has 600,000 villages and almost every village a small pocket on the outskirts is meant for Dalits," said Paul Divakar, a Dalit activist from the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights.
供职于全国达利特人权运动的达利特活动家保罗·迪瓦卡尔说：“印度有60万个村庄，几乎在市郊的每个村庄都有一个小口袋供达利特人使用。”
"This settlement is far from health care centers, banks, schools and other essential services. During times like Covid-19, the aid may not even reach this small pocket."
“这个定居点离医疗中心，银行，学校和其他基本服务很远。在像Covid-19疫情这样的时期，援助甚至可能达不到这个小口袋。”
He said repeated advice on social distancing threatened to encourage the kind of behavior seen in the northern city of Bareilly when migrant workers were doused with bleach disinfectant.
他说，有关社会疏远的一再建议威胁要鼓励在北部城市巴雷利看到这种行为，因为农民工被漂白消毒剂所浸没。
"Covid-19 is legitimizing these actions all in the name of hygiene and social distancing," said Divakar.
迪瓦卡说：“ Covid-19正在以卫生和远离社会的名义合法化这些行动。”
Essential workers
必需的工人
Dalits are forced to take up the jobs such as cleaning, manual scavenging, working at brick kilns and leather-crafting -- occupations considered "filthy" or "dishonorable" for higher-caste communities.
达利特人被迫从事清洁、手工清理和在砖窑和制皮方面的工作，这些职业被高种姓社区认为是“肮脏”或“不光彩”的。
The sanitation and cleaning work formally and informally employs 5 million people, of which 90% belong to the lowest Dalit sub-castes, according to a five-month study of sanitation workers across India carried out in 2017 by Dalberg Advisors, a development policy and strategy firm, with the support of The Gates Foundation.
根据Dalberg Advisors在2017年对印度环卫工人进行的为期五个月的研究，卫生和清洁工作正式和非正式地雇用了500万人，其中90％属于最低等的达利特子种姓。这是一家发展政策和策略公司，受盖茨基金会的支持。
The Indian government has deemed sanitation and cleaning to be essential services, which must continue during the lockdown. India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued a directive that sanitation workers in hospitals and elsewhere should be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 masks and gloves.
印度政府已将卫生和清洁视为封锁期间必须坚持的必不可少的服务。印度卫生与家庭福利部发布了一项指令，要求医院和其他地方的环卫工人应配备个人防护设备（PPE），包括N95口罩和手套。
Sanitation workers clean hospitals for seven to eight hours a day, but many say they have not been given sufficient, if any, protective gear, said Suryaprakash Solanke, leader of a Dalit workers union in Mumbai.
孟买达利特工会的负责人苏里亚普拉卡什·索兰克表示，环卫工人每天要对医院进行7至8个小时的清洁工作，但许多人说，他们没有得到足够的（如果有的话）防护装备。
"For years they have been cleaning and scrubbing hospitals, residential complexes, streets and railway stations. But instead of providing them with protective gear, and rewarding them, people are ostracizing them. Some have even been refused water to drink, when requested while at work," said Solanke.
“多年来，他们一直在清洁和擦洗医院，住宅区，街道和火车站。但是，人们没有给他们提供防护装备并给予奖励，而是排斥他们。有些人甚至在工作时需要的时候被拒绝提供饮用水。”索兰克说。
CNN reached out to officials in the Health and Labor Ministry for comment on allegation insufficient PPE had been provided to sanitation workers but did not receive a response.
美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）向卫生和劳工部的官员们征求意见，指称没有向环卫工人提供足够的个人防护设备，但没有得到回应。
The work Dalits do exposes them to another risk: discrimination.
达利特人所做的工作使他们面临另一个风险：歧视。
Sanoj Kumar left his job at a brick kiln in Tamil Nadu to return to his village near Bodh Gaya in Bihar before the lockdown was imposed. He said he faced ostracism as soon as he stepped off the train.
萨诺伊·库马尔在封锁令生效前离开了他在泰米尔纳德邦的一座砖窑的工作，回到他的比哈尔邦菩提伽耶附近的村庄。他说，他一下车后就立即面临排斥。
"The police started stopping the returning migrants at the railway station and sending them for checkups to the hospital. They were stopping people in a random manner. Those who well dressed and seemed like belonged to an upper class and dominant caste were not singled out. The others like me were stopped and sent to the hospital," he said.
“警察开始在火车站阻止返回的移民，并将他们送往医院进行检查。他们以随机的方式阻止人们。穿着得体，看上去属于上层阶级和统治种姓的人没有被挑出来。像我这样的其他人被拦下并送往医院，”他说。
After his checkup, Kumar was sent home and ordered to self-quarantine for 14 days. He says health workers check on him every two days. He obliges because he understands the need to fight the virus, but every time they visit, it adds to his family's social stigma.
体检后，库玛被送回家，并被要求自检14天。他说，卫生工作者每两天检查一次。他之所以愿意配合，是因为他了解对抗这种病毒的必要性，但是每次他们到访时，都会加重其家人的社会耻辱感。
"They should come up with a better and more sensitive way of doing this," said Kumar.
库马尔说：“他们应该提出一种更好，更体贴的方法。”
No access to bank accounts
没有接触银行账户的途径
Estheramma lives with her husband and two children in a dump yard, five kilometers away from the densely populated city of Guntur in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh. She's an Adivasi waste picker and makes a living by collecting the waste from dumps, segregating the waste and selling it. She and her community live segregated on the dump. There is no ration shop nearby nor are there any health care facilities close to her.
埃斯泰拉玛和她的丈夫及两个孩子住在一个垃圾场，距离南部安得拉邦人口稠密的城市贡土尔五公里。她是个原住民拾荒者，她通过收集垃圾场中的废物，将废物分类并出售来谋生。她和她的社区生活在垃圾堆上。她附近没有口粮店，也没有医疗保健设施。
Like many other Dalits and Adivasis, Estheramma doesn't have an active bank account or a national ID card -- the two basic instruments needed to access direct cash transfers by the government.
与其他许多达利特人和原住民一样，埃斯泰拉玛也没有激活的银行账户或国民身份证-这是政府直接现金转移所需的两个基本工具。
Without this she won't be able to claim the Rs 500 ($7) offered each month for the next three months to women, who are bank account holders registered under the government's financial inclusion program.
没有这些东西，她将无法在接下来的三个月中索取500卢比（合7美元）每个月的、提供给女性的补贴，这些女性是根据政府的金融普惠计划注册的银行帐户持有人。
"There are people, especially Dalits and Adivasis who don't have accounts, then there are those who have accounts but are not able to operate them because the control of it is with someone else, either their upper caste literate landlord or the ration shopkeeper," says P. Sainath founding editor of People's Archive of Rural India, a digital journalism platform that archives stories from rural India.
“有一些人，尤其是没有账户的达利特人和原住民；那么就有一些人，拥有账户，却无法操作账户，因为账户的控制权是由其他人控制的，要么是他们的上等种姓的房东，要么是口粮店主。”，P.塞纳特说道，他是“ 印度农村人民档案 ”的创始编辑，这是一个数字新闻平台，用于存储印度农村的新闻。
Since many bank accounts are tied to mobile phone accounts, local shopkeepers help many illiterate Dalits and Adivasis carryout their bank transactions.
由于许多银行帐户都与手机帐户相关联，因此当地的店主可以帮助许多文盲达利特人和原住民进行银行交易。
"Sometimes, the bank accounts are automatically opened when someone buys a mobile connection and the person is not even aware that this bank account exists. And according to the government, all the direct cash transfers come to the newest bank account of the beneficiary, so at times they have no clue that they have received money," adds Sainath.
“有时候，当有人购买了移动链接时，银行账户会自动打开，而这个人甚至都不知道该银行账户的存在。根据政府的说法，所有直接现金转账都会进入受益人的最新银行账户，因此有时他们不知道自己收到了钱，”塞纳特补充说。
Estheramma has a ration card and is eligible to receive the government benefit of 5 kilograms wheat or rice and 1 kilogram of preferred pulses for free for the next three months, but she said she can't go to the ration shop because it's run by shopkeepers of dominant castes who are not letting her come in. She says she's living on small food packets distributed by charities.
埃斯泰拉玛拥有配给卡，并有资格在接下来的三个月内免费获得5公斤小麦或大米和1公斤首选豆类的政府补贴，但她说她不能去配给店，因为这是由统治种姓的店主经营的拒绝让她进入的店铺。她说，她靠慈善机构分发的小食品包为生。
"The relief package should not be centralized or linked to biometric IDs like Aadhar," said economist Jayati Ghosh, chairperson of the Center for Economic Studies and Planning at the Jawaharlal Nehru University.
贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学经济研究与计划中心主席、经济学家Jayati Ghosh说：“救济计划不应集中在Aadhar（印度的一项生物身份识别项目）等生物识别ID上，或与Aadhar这样的生物识别ID相关联。
More than 11,900 have been infected with the coronavirus in India, and more than 390 people have died, according to the latest numbers from the John Hopkins University.
根据约翰·霍普金斯大学的最新数据，在印度，已有超过11900人感染了冠状病毒，并且有390多人死亡。
It's a staggeringly small number in a nation of 1.3 billion people. The Indian government is expected to extend the nationwide lockdown beyond May 3, but it is still too early to gauge the final impact on the country's poorest.
在一个拥有13亿人口的国家中，这个数字非常少。预计印度政府将在5月3日之后将全国范围的封锁期延长，但现在评估该国最贫困人口受到的最终影响还为时过早。
People like Polamma and Kumar hope they'll be offered greater protection, but it hasn't come yet.
诸如波拉玛和库马尔这样的人希望他们能被提供更好的保护，但这尚未到来。
After two weeks of lockdown, Polamma was finally able to access the grocery store after the police interfered at the request of Dalit activists. But she said no health workers were visiting her community to check on pregnant and lactating mothers.
经过两周的封锁，警察在达利特活动家的要求下进行干预后，波拉玛终于能够进入杂货店。但她说，没有卫生工作者到她的社区去检查孕妇和哺乳期的母亲。
Kumar and his family are staying indoors to comply with the lockdown order -- and to avoid abuse.
库马尔和他的家人住在室内，以遵守封锁令——并避免受虐待。
"Every time I step out, people start shouting 'corona, corona'." he said. "Earlier they would walk at a distance because I am a Dalit, but now they call me the disease itself."
“每次我走出去时，人们都会大喊'冠状病毒，冠状病毒’。”他说。“由于我是达利特人，他们早些时候会在我的一定距离外行走，但现在他们称我为疾病本身。”
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