近期印度新德里爆表的空气污染，让印媒不禁反思为什么北京可以在几年间内明显改善空气，而印度的空气污染问题却越来越严重。（内容有部分删节）
Delhi air pollution: Why what worked for China does not work in India
德里空气污染：为什么中国能做到的，印度做不到
In 2014, Delhi contested a WHO finding saying that it had dirtier air than Beijing's -- the most polluted capital back then. Today, Beijing is readying to exit 200 most polluted cities, Delhi finds itself on the opposite end.
2014年世界卫生组织一项报告表明，德里超过北京成为全球污染最严重的首都。而现在，北京已从污染最严重的200个城市名单中退出，德里却恰恰相反。
德里严重空气污染
imitation is an art and to be successful at it, one needs to apply mind. This is not a statement on the governments accountable for checking pollution in Delhi and NCR. But if you have been schooled in north Indian states, chances are high that you heard teachers saying this. A lack of application, it appears, is the reason why what has been working for China for past few years has failed to reduce air pollution in Delhi.
模仿可说是一项技巧，但想成功，还需要动脑。这句话并不是负责监督德里及首都辖区污染问题的政府部门说辞。如果你在印度北部上学的话，很有可能听到老师说这句话。缺乏实际行动似乎成为了过去几年德里未能向中国一样成功降低污染的理由。
The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Delhi is largely inspired by the Chinese experience in Beijing, which was once - but not in a distant past -- the most polluted national capital of the world. Today, Delhi holds that dubious distinction.
德里的分级行动计划（简称GRAP）很大程度上是借鉴了北京的经验，后者在不远的过去曾经是世界上污染最严重的首都，而现在德里则挂上了这个恶名。
Delhi air is poisonous. Schools have been closed. People have been advised by the government agencies to stay indoors. That, by the way, is no option for lakhs who have to weather Delhi air pollution to go to office and come back home. Street vendors and shopkeepers cannot shut their shops. This would bring Delhi's economy to a grinding halt. And, residents have to go out to local markets to buy groceries as families cannot stay hungry. Delivery boys, too, breathe the same poison if and when their reach your doorstep.
德里空气简直可以称为毒气——学校被迫关闭，政府机构建议民众待在室内。但上班族为了挣钱却无法避免忍受污染的空气在公司和家之间往返；商店和摊贩们也不能关门大吉，否则德里的经济大受影响。为免家庭成员挨饿，市民们要么外出到市场采购生活必需品，要么选择由送货员来呼吸毒气将货物送到你的家门口。
德里空气污染
The GRAP is now out in Delhi-NCR. The cabinet secretary, the top-most bureaucrat of the country, is now monitoring the implementation of GRAP measures. He (read the central government) stepped in on Sunday.
分级行动计划GRAP已经不仅仅是首都的事情了，现在由内阁总理直接监督计划的执行。他是从上周日起开始正式介入的。
Sunday was, incidentally, the day when Delhi air pollution reached its worst level since November 6, 2016. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the 24-hour average air quality index (AQI) in Delhi stood at 494 at 4 pm on Sunday. Three years ago, it was 497.
碰巧的是，上周日正好也是德里空气污染自2016年11月6日以来最严重的一天。根据污染控制委员会数据，德里周日下午4点的24小时空气污染指数AQI达到了494（三年前这个数字层达到497）
Now, what does China so differently that Delhi has failed to do to clean its air from pollutants?
Beijing was the most polluted national capital in 2012-13 - for some years then - prompting the Chinese authorities to devise a plan. They came up with a four-tier National Air Quality Action Plan (NAQA) that is based on forecasts made by its pollution observing agencies.
In India, a similar 4-tier GRAP was adopted and notified by the Centre in 2016.
那么，中国在减少空气污染方面和德里有什么不同呢？2012-13年是北京污染最严重的时期，在那时中国推出了一项行动计划，即国家空气质量行动计划（简称NAQA），根据监测的实时空气污染水平，将行动计划分为四档。印度在2016年也推出了类似的四档行动计划。
In Beijing, the NAQA calls for enhanced dust-control measure, curbs on private transport, stopping of outdoor activities of school children and health advisory for vulnerable groups of people when air quality index is predicted - repeat predicted - to be beyond 200 for one day. The Chinese model calls it blue alert.
当预测（请注意是预测）空气污染指数超过200时启动蓝色预警，北京会根据行动计划增加灰尘控制措施、限制私人交通工具、停止学生及敏感人群的户外活动。
A red alert is issued if the AQI prediction says it would be beyond 200 for four to five days. This is the ceiling for their desperate emergency measures.
如果预计污染指数超过200的天数达到4-5天，就会启动红色预警，这也意味着进行最严格的管控措施。
In Delhi, the GRAP was rolled out when AQI was already beyond 300 for days. Air emergency was kicked in when it was beyond 400. These levels had already reached in Delhi when corresponding measures were rolled out.
但在德里，污染指数已经连续数天超过300才采取相应措施，直到指数超过400时才宣布空污紧急情况。德里直到污染已经超过相应水平了才开始采取措施。
In nutshell, the difference between success in China and failure in India is the threshold for rolling out their respective pollution control emergency plan. China works on prediction, hence has a preventive plan. India's model is somewhat like post-portem - the GRAP is rolled out when a certain level has already reached.
简而言之，在执行响应空气污染水平应对措施的速度，导致了中国的成功与及印度的失败。中国的行动是基于预测，因此可以（对空污）进行预防。而印度的模式有点像马后炮-只有当污染达到一定水平后才进行应对。
And, it is not like the authorities responsible for rolling out did not deliberate the issue. Four meetings of the Supreme Court-mandated task force took place between September 27 and October 24, during which air pollution level was going up.
也不能说相关部门对此不重视，在9月27到10月24号之间，最高法院授权的工作组就开了4次会，而在此期间空气污染水平一直在恶化。
Odd-even measures and non-peak working shifts are recommended in China based on prediction for worsening air quality. In Delhi, the same came into force, when pollution level had already reached severe-plus category.
此外，中国会基于空气质量恶化的预测，提前退出错峰的交通及工作指导，但印度直到空污水平达到非常严重的时候才推出相同政策。
治理后的北京蓝天
In 2014, the government had admitted that Delhi's pollution level was "comparable" with that of Beijing but it was still cleaner than the Chinese capital. Even the US embassy officials had then agreed based on their own air pollution data. Delhi's summer and monsoon air was considered much cleaner than that of Beijing. Only the winter air of Delhi competed with Beijing's.
在2014年时，ZF认为德里的污染水平和北京大致相同，但稍微好一点。根据美国方面数据，德里的空气在夏季和季风期比北京好很多，只有在冬季才和北京污染水平相似。
Today, Beijing is on the verge of dropping out of the list of 200 most polluted cities in the world while Delhi continues its march toward the table topper Indian siblings - Kanpur and Faridabad.
但今天，北京已经不再是世界200个污染最严重的城市之一里，而德里却朝反方向前进，离它位列污染榜前列的印度难兄难弟坎普尔和法里达巴德越来越近。
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