Jin Canrong: Transformation of social structure buttresses China`s rapid
作者金灿荣是中国人民大学国际关系学院副院长。
The author is the vice director of the School of International Studies at Renmin University of China.
世界各地的学者对中国自1949年以来取得的显著成就，特别是1978年改革开放后取得的显著成就表现出了极大的兴趣。答案在于将中国与西方发达国家之间实现工业化和现代化的道路进行比较
Academics around the world show great interest in how China made remarkable achievements since 1949, especially after the reform and opening-up in 1978. The answer lies in comparing China with developed countries in the West in ways of industrialization and modernization.
欧洲率先完成了从前现代社会向现代社会的转型，为世界树立了榜样。这一转变由三个核心过程组成：文艺复兴、宗教改革和大革命。
Europe set an example to the world as it took the lead in promoting social transformation from pre-modern to modern society. This transformation consisted of three core processes: Renaissance, Reformation and Revolution.
在文艺复兴之前，欧洲专注于履行宗教责任。国家统治者通过宗教统治国家。文艺复兴和随后的启蒙运动呼吁人们追求自己的幸福，这给社会增添了世俗的气息。
Before Renaissance, Europe focused on fulfilling religious responsibilities. State rulers governed through religion. Renaissance and the subsequent Enlightenment Movement called on people to pursue their own happiness, which added a secular flavor to society.
随后到来的宗教改革，在宗教与世俗主义之间划定了界限——宗教不应该干涉社会生活。
Then came Reformation, which set a boundary between religion and secularism — religion should not intrude into social life.
大革命接踵而至。法国大革命废除了贵族出生后拥有的特权。
Revolution followed. The French Revolution resulted in the abolition of privileges of noble birth.
社会转型的完成推动了以机械制造业和更高生产率的工业化。工业化后西方工业（国家）实力占主导地位，此后西方国家在世界范围内开始推动全球化。
The completion of social transformation fueled industrialization featuring machine manufacturing and higher productivity. Western industrial strength dominated after industrialization and Western countries began to promote globalization around the world.
中国可能是唯一一个完成了社会结构转型的非西方国家。
China is probably the only country that has finished the transformation of social structure in the non-Western world.
中国文化自古以来强调面向世界的开放与包容。古代中国以农耕社会为主，游牧骑手处于次要地位。但是，在春秋时期（公元770年 - 公元前476年），这些骑马的部落也参与到军事交流。之后，在战国时期（公元前475年至公元前221年），赵武灵王统治的阶段（公元前325年至公元前299年）出现了“胡服骑射”， 即穿着胡人（外族人的）服装和在战场上骑马射箭”。
Chinese culture has always been open and inclusive to the world.Agrarian society dominated ancient China and horsemen took a back seat. However, the horse-mounted groups were used in military exchanges during the Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Then, "Wearing the Hu-styled (exotic) attire and shooting from horseback in battle" emerged during the reign of King Wuling of Zhao (325-299 BC) during the Warring States period (475BC-221BC).
此外，佛教为古代中国所接受并融入了中国文化，其中诸如儒家、法家和道教等一些著名学派已经得到了大众的认可。佛教融入中国文化有助于维护社会功能。
In addition, Buddhism was embraced by the ancient Chinese and fitted into Chinese culture where some prominent schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism, had been acknowledged by the masses. The integration of Buddhism into Chinese culture helped maintain social function.
自1842年中国近代史开始以来，中国人目睹了西方价值观的大规模传入中国。晚清时期（1644-1912）先进的技术传入中国，民国时期（1912-1949）政治和社会制度传入中国，在新中国成立过程中马克思主义思想传入中国。中国在改革开放之后也吸取了西方的发展经验。基于此，中国文化已经成功经历了复兴阶段。
Since the beginning of modern Chinese history in 1842, Chinese people have witnessed the large-scale import of Western values. Advanced technologies were brought into China during the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), political and social system during the Republic of China (1912-1949) and the introduction of Marxism since the founding of the People's Republic of China. China has also drawn on the development experience of the West after the opening-up. Based on that, Chinese culture has successfully gone through the Renaissance.
至于宗教改革，中国文化已经摒弃了封建主义，即三纲——君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲，五常——仁、义、礼、智、信，这与欧洲的宗教改革有相似之处。
As for the Reformation, Chinese culture has abandoned feudalismnamely, the Three Cardinal Guides - ruler guides subject, father guides son and husband guides wife, and Five Constant Virtues - benevolence, righteousness, propriety, knowledge and sincerity, which is similar to the European religious reformation.
谈到大革命，经历了几次革命浪潮，中国已经建立起了一个全新的社会结构，民主思想已经在群众中间传播开来了。
Considering the Revolution, China has built a brand new social structure and introduced democracy among the people through several waves of revolution.
社会转型支撑了中国工业化的蓬勃发展。中国工业化取得了惊人的发展。
Social transformation underpins the bourgeoning industrialization in China. China's industrialization has made amazing strides.
例如，2016年，中国制造业规模已经达到美国的160%，总产量等于日本、德国和美国的制造业产值的总和。这一差距正在逐渐扩大，10年之内中国的制造业将超过日本、欧盟和美国的制造业产值总和。二十年后，世界可能会看到两个“国家”在制造业的崛起 - 中国和“外国”（世界其他地区）。中国的制造业将超过其他国家的总和。
For example, China's manufacturing scale rose to 160 percent of the US in 2016, with an output totaling the manufacturing output of Japan, Germany and the US. This gap is widening and China's manufacturing sector will surpass the total manufacturing output of Japan, the EU and the US in 10 years. After two decades, the world will likely see the rise of two "countries" in terms of manufacturing growth - China and the rest of the world. China's manufacturing sector will outstrip that of the other countries combined.
中国已经建立起了一个强大的工业体系。2017年4月，美国高盛的一份报告称，深圳在将研究成果商业化的表现优于硅谷。过去的30年，美国引领技术创新，但由于工业外包而导致生产率下降。
China has developed a robust industrial system. In April 2017, a report from Goldman Sachs said that Shenzhen has outperformed the Silicon Valley in the transformation of research outcomes into commercial products. The US led technological innovation in the last 30 years, but suffered lower productivity because of outsource of industry.
其他非西方国家的工业化是通过殖民主义和暴力得以推进的。
Industrialization in other non-Western countries advanced via colonialism and force.
例如，印度约有100年处英国的殖民统治下。 虽然印度于1947年独立，但未能发动革命或实现改革，或完成其社会结构的转变。到目前为止，印度仍处于前现代社会的阶段。尽管进行了一些现代化改造，但印度还是在一定程度上无法将自己的工业化推向更高的水平。
For instance, India was under British colonial rule for about 100 years. Although India became independent in 1947, it failed to launch Revolution or Reformation, or complete the transformation of its social structure. Up to now, India is still in the pre-modern phase. Despite some modernization, India is somewhat incapable of taking its own industrialization to a higher level.
在进入工业化之后，中国对全球化和全球化治理的兴趣日益浓厚。在去年杭州举行的二十国峰会期间和自此之后，中国提出了自己应对全球问题的解决办法。中国的现代化进程正在全面展开。
China has a growing interest in globalization and global governanceafter making inroads into industrialization. China proposed its own solutions to global issues during the G20 Hangzhou Summit last year and thereafter. China's modernization is in full swing.
英文原文发表于Global Times 2017-10-05
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1069062.shtml
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