根據以往英語取得高分同學的經驗和英語輔導名師的建議，他們都一致認為英語語法和詞彙是學好、考好英語的重要基礎，其實完形填空是對語法、詞彙的綜合考查，但更關鍵的是學好此部分有助於對英語句子結構的分析和理解，有助於學生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助於學生做好閱讀理解，而且有助於學生做好英譯漢，寫好作文。因此，我們在此編寫了有關重點語法的知識點，並將陸續登出，同時將刊登一些試題。希望同學們認真掌握，切不可因不靠它們而忽視了對英語基礎知識的掌握。

（一）情態動詞

一．情態動詞的現在完成式的用法

情態動詞現在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經發生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;

ougtht等情態動詞＋完成式表示的意思是有一定區別的

1．表示已經發生的情況。

1）must have+過去分詞，表示對已發生情況的肯定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定……”。如：

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

（答案為C）

2）can’t / couldn’t have+過去分詞，表示對已發生情況的否定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定沒……”。如：

Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received

[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received

（答案為A）

3）may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發生，譯為“也許……”。如：

At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2．表示虛擬語氣。

1) needn’t have + 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當於”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：

You needn’t have come over yourself.

As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.

[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

(沒有必要穿的那麼正式，體現是說話者的建議，實際結果是否真的穿的很正式沒有確定，答案為D)

2）should have +過去分詞，表示應該做某事但實際上未做，譯為“本應該……”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應該做某事但實際上做了，譯為“本不應該……”。如：

I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

我本來應該事先認真地把每件事情規劃的很好，但實際上作者還是沒有規劃好，以至工作沒有完成。

3) ought to have +過去分詞，表示動作按理該發生了，但實際上未發生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如：

Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .

4) could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如：

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

5) may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會……”。如：

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

二．幾個情態動詞常考的句型：

1)．may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

既然航班已經取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當於you had better go by train。

2) ．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎麼也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over….如：

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時候，越小心越好。

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

3) ．usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to (do) 的否定式。

4）．should 除了“應該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。

三．情態動詞被動關係的主動表達法

1． want, require, worth（形容詞）後面接doing也可以表示被動意義。

Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading

The floor requires washing.

2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達被動的意義

The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

（二） 形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級

一．形容詞的修飾與位置

一般來說，從構詞法角度來看，後綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“ly’結尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語；這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：

1 以-ly結尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：

costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的

deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的

friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的

kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的

leisurely 悠閒的 ugly 長得醜的

brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的

earthly 塵世的

2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：

afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的

awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的，惟一的

alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的

well 健康的 content 滿意的

unable 無能的

3 只作前置定語的形容詞

earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 後面的

golden 金子般的 weekly 每週的 inner 裡面的

silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的

wooden 木製的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的

woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過

only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的

little 小的 live 活的

4．下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：

remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

二．形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級

1． 考比較級時，考生應把握：

1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應出現，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結構。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.

[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as

在這裡as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時出現時候，不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為A

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

2)比較的成分是否屬於同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .

[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s

[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s

（前後相比的應該是今年和去年註冊參加的人數“the number of”故代替它的應該是單數指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。

Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.

3)比較級與倍數詞關係及其位置

原級結構中可插入表達倍數的詞，表示為“為….若干倍”,當與有表示倍數比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數詞+as…as…,或倍數詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級詞之後，即 “as+原級＋again+as”.如：

Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.

[A] seven more times [B] seven times more

[C] over seven times [D] seven times

(答案為B)

“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”

[A] twice so much [B] twice as much

[C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(答案為B)

My uncle is as old again as I am

4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如：

Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.

[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial

（答案為A）

Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.

5）“比較級＋and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞＋比較級”結構表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結構搭配的常用動詞有grow, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現在進行時態中，注意的是這三種情況引導的比較級後面都不需要用than.如：

Things are getting worse and worse.

As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

Her health was becoming daily worse

The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修飾語用以加強語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday

I have yet more exciting news for you

7) 有關比較級的特殊句型：

A): not so much…as…與其說……不如說……

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or

人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結果。答案為B

B) no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more

（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.

[A] much more than [B] no more than

[C] no less than [D] any more than

（答案為D）

C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反

She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮

D)just as… so… 正如……， ……也……（用倒裝結構）

Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.

[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is

（答案為C）

2．最高級形式應注意的問題：

1）最高級比較範圍用介詞in, over, of, among。

in, (all) over用於在某一範圍內的比較，如：in China, all over the world.

of, among用於在同一群體內同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.

注意：among…相當於one of …,不說among all…。這一點考生應與漢語表達區別開來

如：

all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案為[B]

2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的範圍應用：

any other +單數名詞

the other +複數名詞

the others

anyone/anything else

上述詞是用業將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。

3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當於very，用法區分單複數，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants， 要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級＋of + 名詞”的結構表示的最高級的區別，如：

He spoke in the warmest of voices

They have been most kind to me

Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

Chinese is the most difficult of language

Chinese is a most difficult language

三．不用比較級和最高級的形容詞：

1）表示顏色的有：white, black

2）表示形態的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level

3)表示性質和特徵的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示狀態作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike

5)表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final

6)表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite

7)含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.

四．平行結構與比較級

平行結構很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導的。如：

The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

大多數情況下平行結構都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對比：and ;but；or；both… and…；either…or…; neither…nor…..

平行結構測試時候注意以下幾點：

1．注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than .

[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees

[C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees

(答案為D)

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2．其他具有並列或比較意義的短語也可引導平行結構。

1）rather than, let alone 雖不是並列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.

[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

答案為A

For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say

（答案為B）

2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

（三）代詞及其指代一致

一．代詞的指代

1．that的指代作用

that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞（如是複數，用those），後面通常跟有修飾語，如出現在比較結構中的that of。如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這裡that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2．one的指代作用

one指代帶不定冠詞的單數可數名詞，複數為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數可數名詞。如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

答案為[C]

3．do的替代作用。

do代替動詞，注意數和時態的變化。如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.

二．代詞指代一致問題

代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致，或者所照應的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

這裡he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

這裡its指代前面的兩人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

這裡me必須用賓格形式。

代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規律：

1．鄰近和靠近原則

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數和性上保持一致，就用其相應的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2．當each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，採取單數形式。如：

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it”

3．當主語為複數形式，後跟each作同位語時，如果each位於動詞之前，其後的代詞或相應的限定詞用複數形式；如果 each位於動詞之後，其後的代詞或相應的限定詞用單數形式。如：

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family

4．由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用複數

如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

（三） 主謂一致問題

主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結構的主語單複數的認定，進而選擇適當的謂語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：

語法一致原則

意義一致原則

就近一致原則

很多情況下應該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應用哪種原則應該視具體情況而定。總結如下：

一．謂語動詞用單數的情況

1．動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

2．表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。

Two weeks was too long

Five times five makes twenty five

3．一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用複數，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數：

law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反覆嘗試，不斷摸索

horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月

bread and butter 奶油麵包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落

如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

A. is B. are C. was d. were

答案：A。

4．表示學科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是複數形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

5．有些名詞形式上是複數，意義上是單數，根據意義一致原則動詞用單數

The chaos was stopped by the police

The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

6．用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數形式

Bread and butter is our daily food

Time and tide waits for no man

二． 謂語用複數情況

1． 由and, both …and, 連接的並列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語後面謂語動詞通常用複數形式。

Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

2．集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth後常用複數形式的動詞

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking

The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

3．當表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當主語，謂語動詞用複數形式

The Japanese were once very aggressive

4．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用複數

The rich are not always selfish

5．不可數名詞作主語，其前有表示數量的複數名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用複數

Three million tons of coal were exported that year

三．謂語動詞可用單數，也可以用複數的情況

1． 就近一致原則

這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數還是複數取決於最靠近該動詞的主語的單複數，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：

1） 由連詞 either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等連接的並列主語

Neither money nor fame has influence on me

Not only you but also he is wrong

2) 在倒裝結構中，謂語動詞與後面的第一個主語一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.

Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili

2． 主語帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致.本空間名為騰訊認證（蔡章兵主編QQ757722345）空間，本空間每天都有5篇左右資源更新， 你只須 點擊空間頂部“關注”就會收到每天更新的信息。

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.

3．關係代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數要與先行詞一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

4．一些表示數量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數取決於名詞的數，名詞是複數，謂語動詞用複數，反之就用單數。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten, twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等

Two-thirds of people present are women

Lots of damage was caused by the fire

5．集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數取決於主語表示的意思和數，當表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數，當強調集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用複數。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等

The family is the basic unit of our society

The family were watching the TV

The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words

6．某些固定結構中主語與謂語的數：

第一組：

a great many + 可數名詞複數 謂語用複數

a number of + 可數名詞複數 謂語用複數

the majority of + 可數名詞複數 謂語用複數

第二組；

the number of + 可數名詞複數 謂語用單數

each/every + 可數名詞複數 謂語用單數

neither/either of + 可數名詞複數 謂語用單數

one and a half + 可數名詞複數 謂語用單數

第三組；

more than one + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數

many a + 可數名詞單數 謂語用單數

第四組；

the greater part of

a large proportion of

50% of

one third of

plenty of

the rest of

謂語的數與of 後面的名詞一致

第五組；

(n)either…(n)or….

not only….. but also ……

not …..but ……

謂語的數與主語的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導的後面部分）一致.

注意比較：

More students than one have been referred to

More than one student is going to buy this book