非谓语动词
分词的分类及形式:
- 现在分词-Present Participle
- 过去分词-Past Participle
- 现在分词的形式:V-ing
- 否定式:not + 现在分词
过去分词的形式:V-ed(不规则的除外)
分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
注意:
- 分词是兼有动词和形容词的作用,所以具有动词的种种特色,可以加用宾语、补语或副词,有同时有时态(Tense)和语态(Voice)。
- 虽然没有语法上的主语,但具有意义上或逻辑上的主语。
分词的用法:
接宾语的情况:
- This is a chart showing the results of the examination in English.这是一张英语考试成绩的图表。
接补语的情况:
- The weather being fire,the party was held in the garden.由于天气炎热,晚会在花园里举行。
接副词的情况:
- Walking rapidly,she reached the gates of the Hall.她快步走到大厅的门口。
接副词短语的情况:
- I have received a letter written in English.我收到一封用英语写的信。
被动语态的用法:
- Being written in an easy style,the book was adapted for beginners.这本书写得很容易,是为初学者改编的。
完成时分词的用法:
- Having been there once before,I had no difficulty in finding his house.我以前去过那儿一次,毫不费力就找到了他的家。
意义上的主语(sense-subject):
- I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起,让您久等了。
- This is the camera given me by my uncle.这是我叔叔给我的照相机。
现在分词与过去分词的用法不同点:
现在分词含有主动Active之意,过去分词有被动Passive之意。
- (主动)Men living in town do not know rural pleasure.(=Men who live in town )住在城里的人不懂得乡村的乐趣。
- (被动)This is a house built some hundred years ago.这是一座几百年前建造的房子。
- (主动)Rolling stones gather no moss.滚石不生苔。
- (被动)There were some distinguished men among the guests.客人中有一些是名人。
注意:不及物动词的过去分词用作名词的修饰语法时,没有“被动”之意,仅作为“已经”解释。例如:
- sunken rocks沉没的石头
- fallen trees 倒伏的树
- withered flowers 枯萎的花朵
敲黑板的地方:分词用于缩短状语从句
时间状语从句:
- (While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
条件状语从句:
- (If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
原因状语从句:
- Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
让步状语从句:
- Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
方式状语从句:
- He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
结果状语从句:
- He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
目的状语从句:
- He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
- I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
- All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
- Time permitting,we'll do another two exercises.如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式:
- With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
作独立成分:
- Judging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.从外表看,他一定是个演员。
- Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
现在分词作宾语补足语:
下列动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
- see
- watch
- hear
- feel
- find
- get
- keep
- notice
- observe
- listen to
- look at
- leave
- catch
例如:
- Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
- He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
过去分词作定语:
- Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
- Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
过去分词作表语:
- The window is broken. 窗户破了。
- They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别:
- The window is broken.(系表结构)
- The window was broken by the boy.(被动语态)
过去分词作宾语补足语:
- I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done,they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
过去分词作状语:
表示原因:
- Praised by the neighbors,he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。
表示时间:
- Once seen,it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。
表示条件:
- Given more time,I'll be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。
表示让步:
- Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。
- Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen,it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time,I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。