英語語法知識難點(一)
(一) 形容詞和副詞
I． 要點
A． 形容詞
1、 形容詞的基本用法
形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補，有時還可作狀語。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時，謂語通常用複數形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序：
冠詞+序數詞+基數詞+性質狀態(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如：
the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 形容詞比較等級的形式
(1)規則形式
一般說來，單音節詞及少數雙音節詞在後加-er; --est 來構成比較級和最高級；其他雙音節詞及多音節詞在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不規則形式
good (well)-better-bestbad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-mostlittle-less-least
(3) 形容詞比較等級的用法
①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級(+名詞)+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示兩者是同等程度，用"as +形容詞原級+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎麼讚揚這個老師也不過分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我擔心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎麼樣。
B．副詞
1、 副詞的種類
(1) 時間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地點副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3)方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副詞比較等級的用法
其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副詞在用法上的區別
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經發生，主要用於肯定句；yet表示期待某事發生，主要用於否定句和疑問句；still表示某事還在進行，主要用於肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用於否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2)too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用於肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用於口語，一般放在句末，而also多用於書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用於否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
II． 例題
例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall
解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建築物的高用high,並且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞後面。因此該題選B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicineD More medicine taken
解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級+… , the +形容詞比較級+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。
例3"I haven't been to London yet".
"I haven't been there ____".
A too B also C either D neither
解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用於肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用於否定句中，意為"也"。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply
解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用於副詞時，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。
(二) 介詞
I． 要點
1、介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 複合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關係
(1) 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1)at, on, in
表時間
表示時間點，某一時刻/年齡用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight, at the age of等；表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或後有修飾語時如on Monday, on the end of November等。
in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節,世紀,人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時) in the morning/afternoon /evening, in spring /in 2007/in March, in the twenty-first century, in his fifties。
表地點:
1)at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置
at the station at the cinema
2)in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間裡.
in China in the classroom
3)on 指在某物體的表面上.
on the desk
注意: 寫街道時,若有門牌號用at ,否則用on / in 都可.
He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.
(2)between, among(表位置)
between僅用於二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關係時，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用於三者或三者以上之間。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3)beside, besides
beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
on the tree 表示 “樹上本身長的東西” 在樹上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進入樹中” 人或物在樹上.
There are some apples _____ the tree .
There is a boy ____ the tree
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車
(9)介詞in /on / to 表方位:
in表示A地在B地範圍之內.(包含關係)
Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .
on表示A,B地接壤.(外切關係)
Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .
to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.(外離關係)
Japan is _____ the east of China .
(10)after / in 在……之後
after
1)after + 時間段. 表示以過去某一時刻為起點的一段時間之後, 用於過去時.
2)after 作介詞. after doing sth
in +一段時間. 表示說話時或以現在為起點的將來一段時間之後.用於將來時.
He came back ______ two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework .
He will come back _____ two days .
(11)with / in / by 表示 “用……”
with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑. 或書寫/繪畫所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.
Can you say it _____English ?
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
注意: 同義詞組
1).by phone = on the phone
2).by car = in a car
3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
(12)across / through / over / by 經過
across 指橫穿,穿過. 表示動作從某一物體表面上經過.
through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內通過.
over 表示從某人或某物的上空經過或越過,不與表面接觸.
by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經過.
Can you swim ______ the river ?
The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.
I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .
(13)in front of / in the front of
in the front of 表示在…….內部的前面
in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .
There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.
(14).其它介詞的用法：
1.at的其它用法.
1).表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其後加的名詞往往不加冠詞.
She is at work now = She is working now .
2)at表示 “價格或速度”
The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .
2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示 “在……方面”
詞組:do well in = be good at
be weak in
2)in 表示 “穿著”後接表顏色的詞或衣服.
詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服
3)in作副詞, “在家” = at home
3.like 的用法:
1).像/和……一樣. 常與系動詞連用.
詞組: look like sound like
2).與what 連用, “是什麼樣子, 怎樣”.
What is he like ? He is kind .
4.off的用法:
1).從……下來, 脫離某物體.
詞組: fall off
2). “休假”通常放在時間名詞之後.
詞組: have +時間+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
5.except / besides
1).except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在範圍之內.
注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什麼也沒有.
2).besdies除了……之外,還有…… . 包括在範圍之內.
We all went swimming ______ Lucy .
There is _______ a letter in the box .
We study Japanese and French____ English .
6.with / without
1).with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒有
詞組: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to
without one’s help
2).without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth .
He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常與if 引導的否定的條件句.
If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .
7.since / for
注: since / for 用於現在完成時.
1).since :
a).since +時間點
b). 現在完成時+ since +一般過去時
c).since +一段時間+ ago.
2)for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago
8.be made +介詞的區別:
be made of 由…製成 (看得見原材料)
be made from由…製成 (看不見原材料)
be made in +地點 由哪兒生產
be made by sb. 由某人制造
9.表示 “數量的介詞”
about , round around over
1). about , round around表示 “大約……”
2).over 表示 “超過”= more than.
10.inside / outside
Inside 在……裡面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面
11.in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“門窗在牆上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在牆上”
12. 不用介詞的情況:
1).當時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時,不用介詞.
What are you going to do tonight ?
2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語.
He went to Wuhan last week .
3).以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞.
He has worked all day .
4).以some ,any, one 等構成的時間狀語前不用介詞
II． 例題
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B兩項except等於but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D during
解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。
(三) 連詞
I． 要點
1、 連詞的種類
(1)並列連詞用來連接並列關係的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2)從屬連詞用來引導從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導狀語從句)外，還有其它可以用來引導從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導名詞性從句)，關係代詞和關係副詞(引導定語從句)。
2、 常用連詞舉例
(1)and 和，並且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要麼…要麼…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因為
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
At first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否則
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因為
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14) unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15) until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用於not… until 結構)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16) while 當…時候，而 (表示對比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while後不可用瞬間動詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17) for 因為
He was ill, for he didn't come. (結論是推斷出來的)
(18) since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19) hardly… when 一…就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20) as far as 就… 來說
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那裡)
II． 例題
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。
英語語法知識難點(二)
(四)動詞時態、語態
I． 要點
1、 一般現在時
(1) 表示經常發生的動作或現在存在的狀態，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時間狀語連用。如：
Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客觀真理、科學事實等。如：
The earth goes round the sun.
2、 現在進行時
(1) 表示說話時或現階段正在進行的動作，常與now, at present等時間狀語連用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經常反覆的動作，常含有某種情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 現在完成時
主要表示動作發生在過去，對現在仍有影響，或動作一直延續到現在，或可能還要繼續下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:
Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般將來時
表示將來某一時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般過去時
表示在過去某一時間或某一階段內發生的動作或存在的狀態，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：
It happened many years ago.
6、過去進行時
表示過去某一時刻或某一時期正在發生的動作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 過去完成時
表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
８、一般過去將來時
表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發生的動作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn't.
９、被動語態
被動語態的時態，以give為例。
II．例題
例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時態，而用一般過去時態。
例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked forC is being looked for D has been looked
解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用於被動語態句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動詞短語，而不能用於被動語態的句子中。
(五)動詞虛擬語氣
I． 要點
表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發生的情況，而是一種願望、建議或與事實相反的假設等。一般常用於正式的書面語中。
１、 虛擬語氣的構成
情景
條件從句的謂語動詞
主句的謂語動詞
與現在事實相反
動詞過去式 (be要用were)
should
+動詞原形
would
與過去事實相反
had +過去分詞
should
+have+過去分詞
would
與將來事實相反
１、動詞過去時
２、should +動詞原形
３、were to +動詞原形
should
＋動詞原形
would
如：與現在事實相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過去事實相反：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來事實相反：
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語動詞用were to +動詞原形，表示 下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加強表示“當初沒想到以後的事”)
注：
(1)如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時間條件句的用法：
有時條件從句的動作和主句動作發生的 時間不一致。這時動詞的形式，應根據它所要表達的具體時間來決定用什麼形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過去，主句敘述現在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現在，從句敘述過去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語從句中的用法
主要用於由as if (as though) 引導的比較狀語從句，從句中謂語動詞一般用“動詞的過去式(be 變were )或had +過去分詞。”如：
She looked as if she were ill.(實際上她沒有病，在這裡用虛擬語氣補語比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這裡用虛擬語氣表現他的 英語說得好)
２、 虛擬語氣在各種從句的應用
(１) 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省) ＋動詞原形"，常用於以下三種句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(２) 在賓語從句中用於suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞後的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(３) 在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)＋動詞原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(４) 在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)＋動詞原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
(５) 在It is time that…句型中，其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或"should ＋動詞原形",should不可省。如：
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
II． 例題
例１We had hoped that he ____ longer.
A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動詞還有think, expect等，後面的句子需用虛擬語氣
例２"Mary wants to see you today".
"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
A comes B came C should come D will come
解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。would rather後面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動詞過去時表示。
例３Had she been older, she ____ it better.
A had done B might have doneC might do D would do
解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為Ｂ。
(六)短語動詞
I． 要點
英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個整體，其用法有的相當於及物動詞，有的相當於不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特徵。英語短語動詞的構成主要有以下六種：
(１) 動詞＋介詞
常見的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後。如：
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
(２) 動詞＋副詞
常見的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞後邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：
You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
(３) 動詞＋副詞＋介詞
常見的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(４) 動詞＋名詞＋介詞
常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞後邊。如：
You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(５) 動詞＋形容詞
常見的有leave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在後邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(６) 動詞＋名詞
常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
(7)辨析
give away(讓給，暴露)和 give up(放棄，停止)
put away(放起，收起)和 put out (撲滅)
turn up(出席，放大)和 turn on (打開)
keep out(阻止)和 keep off (不讓靠近)
make up(編造，補上)和 make out(辨認)
take off(脫，起飛)和 take out(拿出)
II． 例題
例１It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：該題正確答案為Ａ。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續"；give away意為"分發"；lay up"貯藏"。
例２Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞，意為"保持聯繫"。
例３ ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。
(七)動詞不定式
I． 要點
１、不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。
２、不定式的句法功能
(１) 作主語
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置於謂語動詞後。如：
It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
(２) 作賓語
通常用於want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞後。如：
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
(３) 作表語
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
(４) 作定語
不定式作定語時，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞後。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
(５) 作賓補
通常用於want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞後。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
(６) 作狀語
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
(７) 作獨立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
(８) "疑問詞＋不定式"結構。 如：
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
(9)不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
(10)不定式的完成式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
(11)too…to 結構。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂意去)
(12)主動表被動。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II．例題
例１I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair. 因為不定式和它所修飾的名詞間是"動賓關係"，所以不定式必須是及物動詞，故此處on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____.
A go B gone C going D to go
解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B builtC to build D to building
解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。
(八)動名詞
I． 要點
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
１、動名詞的形式，以write為例。
否定式 not +動名詞
２、動名詞的用法
(１) 作主語
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.
作主語的動名詞結構複雜且長時，可用it作形式主語。如：
It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.
(２) 作賓語
I enjoy playing PC game.
He gave up writing five years ago.
(３) 作表語
What he hated most was doing nothing.
Seeing is believing.
動名詞作表語時，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。
(４) 作定語
There's a dining room in my school.
All the people watching laughed.
(５) 動名詞的複合結構"物主代詞(或名詞的所有格)+動名詞"。如：
Tom's going home late made her mother angry.
Would you mind my opening the window?
不過，動名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時，必須用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞的賓格)。
①無生命名詞
The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
②有生命名詞，但表泛指。
Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
③兩個以上的有生命的名詞並列。
Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?
3．後面常接動名詞的動詞和短語
mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, imagine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit, be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing, can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing, look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, devote to doing, lead to doing
II．例題
例１She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
A going B to go C for going D went
解析：該題正確答案為A。 feel like = want, 此處like 為介詞，後面要接名詞或動名詞作賓語
例２The garden needs ____.
A water B watering C to water D watered
解析：該題正確答案為B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主語，此三者後要接動名詞或to be done這一結構作賓語。
例３Excuse me ____ you.
A interrupting B to interruptC interrupted D to have interrupted
解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse 後接動名詞作賓語，此句中的me為動名詞的邏輯主語(常用於口語中)。
(九)分詞
I． 要點
分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現在分詞和過去分詞兩類。現在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在於現在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式。現在分詞表動作正在進行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經完成，表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經完成，表主動。
過去分詞的句法功能：
１、作定語
I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.
The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.
２、作表語
When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.
I'm interested in this book.
３、作賓語補足語
I'm going to have my bike repaired.
When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.
4、作狀語
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.
現在分詞的句法功能。
1、作狀語
Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.
Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.
2、作賓語
I hate being spoken ill of.
He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.
3、作表語
Seeing is believing.
The book is interesting.
4、作賓語補足語
I noticed him crossing the street.
Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.
5、作定語
Do you know the man writing a letter?
The worker running a machine is my brother.
分詞使用中的幾個問題
1、現在分詞的完成式
Having cleaned the room, I went out.
2、現在分詞的否定式
Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、現在分詞與過去分詞的不同
現在分詞表示主動、正在，過去分詞表示被動、完成
I found the man killed there.
I found the man standing there.
4、have結構
We have the car repaired.
We have repaired the car.
We have Tom repair the car.
We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分詞作表語
We were excited at the news.
The football game is exciting.
6、獨立主格結構
It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
II． 例題
例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.
A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
解析：該題答案為D。 Time permitting…是獨立主格結構，意為"如果時間允許的話…"
例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。
初中英語語法重難點集匯(二)
主謂一致
主謂一致是指一個句子的主語和謂語動詞保持數的一致關係。一個句子中主謂一致，通常指三個基本原則：語法一致，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗鄰一致，即謂語動詞的形式與鄰近的名詞一致。
一、 語法一致原則
1、 在通常情況下，一個句子的主語和謂語在語法形式上保持一致。即主語為單數形式，謂語也為單數形式；主語為複數形式，謂語也為複數形式。如：
This exercise on English idioms is not easy.這個英語短語練習不容易。
2、 在“there be”結構中， “be”的單複數取決與後面主語的數.如：
There has been little change in this city.這個城市沒有多少變化。
3、“one of”結構，位於用單數，“two of”結構位於用複數
One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。
Two of the boys have lost their way home.有兩個男孩回家迷路了。
3、 倒裝句的主語在謂語之後，避免誤用。
Never before has she been to Paris!她以前從未去過巴黎。
二、 概念一致
1、 主語是抽象概念、短語或從句，謂語用單數形式。如：
To tell lies is wrong.說謊是不正確的。(不定式做主語)
Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家務是一件很勞累的事。(動名詞做主語)
How this happened is not clear to anyone.(從句做主語)
注意：
(1) 用what或which引導的主語從句或簡單句中的數的概念取決於後面的表語，因為它們在邏輯上的意義是相同的。如：
Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一個？
Which are your seats?你們的座位是哪些？
(2) 單個的分詞作主語，不定式作主語，以及主語從句，謂語都用單數，若用連接上述的相同兩個成分，謂語才用複數。
2、 兩個或兩個以上的主語用and和both連接時，謂語用複數形式。
3、 and連接的並列主語指同一人或同一樣東西，and後的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語用單數；若有，則用複數。如：
My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顧問又改變他的想法了。
My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫蘇的同學在教室裡。
注意：
a. 若and後面加not,謂語用單數。如：
Lilei, and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei贏了比賽，而不是我。
b. 用and 連接的單數主語，前面有each, every, many a, no等詞修飾時，謂語用單數。
c. 複數主語前加each,謂語仍用複數。
d. no後面名詞為單數，謂語用單數；後為複數，謂語用複數。
三、 毗鄰一致
由not only…but also, neither…nor…,either…or…,or 連接的並列主語，在肯定句中謂語變化取決於後面的餓主語，在疑問句中取決於前面的主語。如；
Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都沒錯。
Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那兒去。
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