Description 概述
A disk begins to herniate when its jelly-like nucleus pushes against its outer ring due to wear and tear or a sudden injury. This pressure against the outer ring may cause lower back pain.
当椎间盘果冻状髓核由于磨损或突然受伤挤压外环时，可致椎间盘突出，施加在外环上的压力可导致腰部疼痛。
If the pressure continues, the jelly-like nucleus may push all the way through disk’s outer ring or cause the ring to bulge. This puts pressure on the spinal cord and nearby nerve roots. In addition, the disk material releases chemical irritants that contribute to nerve inflammation. When a nerve root is irritated, there may be pain, numbness, and weakness in one or both of your legs, a condition called “sciatica.”
如果压力持续存在，髓核会一直挤压间盘的外环，导致外环膨胀，这会对脊髓和附近的神经根造成压力。此外，椎间盘会释放化学刺激物，导致神经炎症。当神经根受到刺激时，一侧或双下肢可能会疼痛、麻木和无力，这种情况称为“坐骨神经痛”。
Cause 病因
A herniated disk is most often the result of natural, age-related wear and tear on the spine. This process is called disk degeneration. In children and young adults, disks have high water content. As people age, the water content in the disks decreases and the disks become less flexible. The disks begin to shrink and the spaces between the vertebrae get narrower. This normal aging process makes the disks more prone to herniation.
椎间盘突出通常是由于脊柱自然的、年龄相关的磨损造成的，这个过程称为椎间盘退变。在儿童和年轻人中，间盘的含水量很高，随着年龄的增长，间盘中的水分含量减少，间盘变得不那么有弹性，椎间盘开始缩小，椎骨之间的空间变窄。这种正常的老化过程使椎间盘更容易突出。
A traumatic event, such as a fall, can also cause a herniated disk.
外伤，如跌倒，也会导致椎间盘突出。
Risk Factors 危险因素
Certain factors may increase your risk of a herniated disk. These include:
增加椎间盘突出的危险因素包括:
Gender. Men between the ages of 20 and 50 are most likely to have a herniated disk.
性别。年龄在20到50岁之间的男性最有可能患椎间盘突出。
Improper lifting. Using your back muscles instead of your legs to lift heavy objects can cause a herniated disk. Twisting while you lift can also make your back vulnerable. Lifting with your legs, not your back, may protect your spine.
搬重物姿势不正确。用背部肌肉而不是腿部肌肉来举起重物会导致椎间盘突出。搬重物时扭动身体也会使腰部受损，用腿发力举重，可以保护脊椎。
Weight. Being overweight puts added stress on the disks in your lower back.
体重。体重过重会增加腰椎间盘的压力。
Repetitive activities that strain your spine. Many jobs are physically demanding. Some require constant lifting, pulling, bending, or twisting. Using safe lifting and movement techniques can help protect your back.
过度劳损。 许多需要不断抬、拉、弯曲或扭动的工作易伤腰，用合理的抬、运技术可以保护背部。
Frequent driving. Staying seated for long periods, plus the vibration from the car engine, can put pressure on your spine and disks.
经常开车。长时间坐着，加上汽车引擎的震动，会对脊椎和椎间盘造成压力。
Sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise is important in preventing many medical conditions, including a herniated disk.
久坐不动的生活方式。有规律的运动对预防许多疾病很重要，包括椎间盘突出。
Smoking. It is believed that smoking lessens the oxygen supply to the disk and causes more rapid degeneration.
吸烟。吸烟可以减少对椎间盘的供氧，导致更快的退化。
Symptoms 症状
In most cases, low back pain is the first symptom of a herniated disk. This pain may last for a few days, then improve. Other symptoms may include:
在多数情况下，腰痛是椎间盘突出的首发症状，腰痛会持续几天，然后缓解。其他症状包括：
- Sciatica. This is a sharp, often shooting pain that extends from the buttock down the back of one leg. It is caused by pressure on the spinal nerve.
坐骨神经痛。 这是一种剧烈的，经常发作的疼痛，从臀部一直延伸到 腿的后部，这是由于脊神经受压引起的。
- Numbness or a tingling sensation in the leg and/or foot
腿和/或脚的麻木感或刺痛感
- Weakness in the leg and/or foot
腿和/或脚无力
- Loss of bladder or bowel control. This is extremely rare and may indicate a more serious problem called cauda equina syndrome. This condition is caused by the spinal nerve roots being compressed. It requires immediate medical attention.
大小便障碍。 这是极为罕见的，可能预示着出现严重的马尾综合征的问题， 这种情况是由于脊神经根受压而引起的，需要立即就医。
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