基本概念

1、定語：定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。

2、定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句，即，一個句子充當定語。

基本分類

1、限制性定語從句：對先行詞起限制修飾作用，是不可缺少的成分，去掉之後主句意義不完整。

2、非限制性定語從句：先行詞與定語從句往往有逗號隔開，是對主句的補充說明，如果去掉，應該對整個句意沒有影響。非限定定語從句相當於並列句，狀語從句等。

Eg: 1、This is the house which we bought last month.

這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）

Eg. 2、The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）

先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞。如上面例句和圖中的the team ，the man。

關係詞：引導定語從句的關聯詞稱為關係詞，關係詞有關係代詞和關係副詞。

關係代詞： that, which, who, whom, whose, as

關係副詞： where, when, why

Eg: [She is the very beautiful girl] [that I love best.]

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重難點（講解）

重難點一：在先行詞指物的情況下，確定定語從句的關係代詞使用that還是which。

I. 關係代詞只能用that，而不能用which的情況：

1. 當先行詞為不定代詞。如：

There is nothing (that) I can say about it.

2. 先行詞為形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：

This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen.

3. 先行詞被the only 或the very修飾時。如：

The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers’ help.

Is this the very museum that you visited the other day?

4. 先行詞為序數詞或被序數詞修飾時。如：

The first English film that I saw was “Oliver Twist”.

When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall.

5. 被修飾的先行詞被any, all, much, no, little, few等修飾時。如：

I am interested in all that you have told me.

There isn’t much that I can do.

He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.

6. 先行詞既包含人又包含物時。例如：

They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited.

7. 先行詞是疑問代詞時。如：

Which is the book that he bought yesterday?

Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?

8. 先行詞在邏輯上充當定語從句的表語時。如：

This is no longer the place that it used to be.

He is not the man that he was.

II. 關係代詞只能用which，不用that 的情況：

1. 引導非限制性定語從句時，例如：

She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.

2. 當關系代詞做介詞賓語時，例如：

He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.

在上一例句中，引導詞“which”作了介詞“in”的賓語，所以不可以用“that”代替。

重難點二：在先行詞指人的情況下，除了使用關係代詞that外，確定定語從句的關係代詞使用who還是whom。

1. who適用於先行詞指人的場合，who在從句中充當主語，在口語體中who也可以充當從句的賓語。例如：

A doctor is a person who / that looks after people’s health.

2. whom也適用於先行詞指人的場合，whom在從句中只能充當賓語。例如：

Mr. White invited many friends to his party (who / whom / that) he respected much.

3. 介詞後關係代詞如指代人，只能用whom，且whom也不可省略：

Nancy is the right person on whom you can depend.

重難點三：關係代詞whose充當從句中的定語的用法以及與介詞+關係代詞的轉換。

表示人的所有：The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor.

表示物的所有：I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

the +名詞+of + whom (which) 的結構= whose + 名詞，下面兩組中的三個句子意思相同，例如：

A: The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.

The river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.

The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea.

B: There are twenty students, whose backgrounds

are different.

There are twenty students, the backgrounds of whom are different.

There are twenty students, of whom the backgrounds are different.

重難點四：關係代詞which, as引導非限制性定語從句，用於指代整個主句的用法及區別。

1. as的用法

非限制性定語從句的謂語動詞為know, see, suggest, turn out等時，由as引導從句，as指代整個主句，意為“正如”。例如：

He disliked the girl, as was expected.

A fast food restaurant is a place, as the name suggests, where eating is performed quickly.

As it turned out, Mary was the one appointed to the new position.

2. which的用法

當定語從句修飾整個主句時，可以使用關係代詞which。例如：

They have invited me to diner, which is very kind of them.

3. which, as的區別

which不能置於句首，翻譯成“這，這件事”；as 可以放在句首、句中及句末，翻譯成“正如…”。

重難點五：關係副詞中的一些特殊地點和時間名詞。

具體的地點名詞後可以接where從句，但其他如case, point, situation, condition, job等表示“情況，方面”的名詞也同樣加where從句，這種用法源於“in this case, at this point, in this situation, under the condition”等短語。具體的時間名詞後可接when從句，但如果先行詞為occasion，同樣也加when從句。例如：

There are many cases where this rule does not hold good.

He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy.

I will show you the point where you fail.

This is a job where you can learn something.

He left his hometown in 2002 since when he has never come back.

People may come across the occasion when they want to say something but forget what they are going to say.

重難點六：非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句區別

1. 限制性定語從句: 與先行詞關係密切，如果沒有定語從句，主句不完整，且與先行詞之間無逗號，如果後面的定語從句去掉，句子意思顯然不完整。例如：

He asked me a question which was about my study at school.

2. 非限制性定語從句: 對先行詞起補充說明作用，如果刪除，主句意義仍然完整，與先行詞之間有逗號。例如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.

I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before.

3. 必須使用非限制性定語從句的情況：

1) 當先行詞為專有名詞或球類、疾病、學科等獨一無二的事物時。如：

He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot.

Basketball, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world.

2) 當定語從句由“代詞/數詞/名詞/形容詞比較級、最高級等+of+which/whom”引導時。如：

China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan.

3) 當定語從句修飾整個主句時。如：

They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.

They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time.

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【例題精講】

例1. As a matter of fact, home accidents are just as common as those we see and hear on the roads, some of________ cause even much more serious consequences.(2016年虹口區一模)

Keys:which

【精析】：定語從句主語不完整，填寫關係代詞代指home accidents

例2. “Many patients specifically choose a city ____ they can enjoy what the place has to offer alongside the treatment,” Helios manager Stefan Boeckle said.(2016年浦東新區一模)

Keys where

【精析】：從句不缺成分，先行詞city，表地點

例3. These revelations were written down by those ________ were close to him during this time and for several years after his death.（2016年長寧區 一模）

Keys:who

【精析】：從句缺主語，who代指先行詞those

例4. The orchestra began and he played with such passion and such power and such purity (27) ________ they had never heard before.（2016年金山區一模）

Keys:as

【精析】：

例5. The country (36) ______ population of the elderly people has reached a dangerous level, is among the world’s most developed countries.（2016年 閘北區一模）

Keys whose

【精析】：定語從句的主語跟先行詞是所屬關係

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【課堂練習】

1.Noarlunga and Payneham, have employed special anti-graffiti offices.Salisbury is among those councils(37)______call on a data bank of volunteers to immediately paint out graffiti “tags”.(黃埔區)

Keys:which

2.His brother was in the business of importing celluloid (合成樹脂) dolls from Japan but the rubber bands ______ held them together would often break and the dolls would be destroyed. (浦東新區)

Keys:that/which

3.I get more done in those few hours than the rest of the day, ______I’m constantly interrupted. 徐彙區

Keys:which

4.It has created a recycling program for clothes,(28) invites people to bring clothes the no longer want to H&Mstores.Shoppers who donate old clothes can receive(29) discount on new things they buy.閔行區

Keys:which

5. I am so touched by the capacity of love and understanding 32 comes from my children.奉賢區

Keys:which

6. The teacher has to think up new ways of working-getting students to make a film clip, for instance, (36)____ ________ they present a research setup they have thought up themselves, or to respond to someone else's idea, or to work on a document in groups."靜安區

Keys:in which

7.AirBnB sent its customers in Paris an email____39__ advised them to stay in place and follow the directions from local authorities.崇明區

Keys:which

8.Most of the adults I met enjoyed inviting friends, family, neighbors, colleagues and even strangers into their homes, (30) they treat them to food, drink, and a lively hospitable atmosphere. Hosts hurried to serve guests as well and as quickly as possible.普陀區

Keys:where

9.Wine had already been made, generally by the men, (32) were also responsible for pouring it. 普陀區

Keys:who

10.But now, places have been found on earth, (40)________ are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the surface. 嘉定區

Keys:which

11.These migrant workers are short of hope and prospect of inherited poverty on the part of their children, (31) ______ is the worst thing for them, according to Cheng. 松江區

Keys:which

12.Unfortunately, some of those students find so many interesting Classes___(29)___ they are not able to decide on a major. 楊浦

Keys:that

13.It was the day___(32)___ its first homemade large passenger aircraft, the C919, was shown to the public in Shanghai. 楊浦區

Keys:when

14.It kept going and going. Figueroa, (28)__________ worked from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Wednesday, said that the chain reaction almost lasted for her entire shift. 青浦區

Keys:who

15.That is how Kevin Lo, sales manager at Musclecar GT, describes this company (26) _______ reproduces high-quality parts for classic cars. The average customers are 40-to 60-year-old men from around the world.寶山區)

Keys:that/which

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知識點三（能力提升）

定語從句之翻譯

1 判斷定語從句翻譯考點方法：

1）看關鍵詞：如果關鍵詞給到的是which，as（有時考查讓步狀語從句）, who ,where等定語從句連接詞時。

2）看句式：如果給到的漢語句式為：句子A，+這+句子B。這種類型的基本上都是考查which引導的非限制性定語從句，which代指前面整個句子的。

3）看修飾語：如果修飾語過長不能用形容詞或短語來翻譯，可以考慮用定語從句。（注意：如果能用短語或則分詞作狀語翻譯，儘量不要使用定語從句，以體現語言的精煉）

例句1：

59.異常的天氣表明我們的生存環境正日益惡化，而這正是大自然給予我們的警告。（which）

Unusual weather indicates that our living environment is getting worse, which is the warning to us from

nature.

例句2：

64.浦江南岸有一個野生動物園，那兒可以看到不少瀕危動物。(where)

On the southern bank of the Huangpu River there is a wildlife park/ wild animal zoo, where you can see many

endangered species/animals.（此句中“瀕危動物”如果翻譯為：the animals which are endangered 就不如例

翻譯的簡潔）

2漢譯英時定語從句的易錯點

進行有關定語從句的漢譯英時，我們也要掌握一些基本的技巧，避免漢語的負遷移：

1要避免受漢語語序的負遷移的影響，如，

坐在我旁邊的女孩是我的女兒。

剛學習定語從句的學生往往把它翻譯成 sit next to me the girl is my daughter.

通過對比，我們可以發現，英漢兩種語言的順序截然不同：漢語中的定語總是在被修飾語的前面，而英語的定語若是從句或短語，總是放在被修飾語的後面。上述翻譯應改為

The girl who sits next to me is my daughter.

2 要避免受漢語用法的影響而誤用引導詞，如，

This is all what I did in Africa. (這就是我在非洲所做的一切。)

上述英語句子應改為 This is all that I did in Africa.

What 往往可以翻譯為“所---”，但卻不可引導定語從句。

3 在“有---人做某事”的句式中，容易漏掉引導詞，如，

There are thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.

（每年都有成千上萬的遊客遊覽長城。）

上述句子應改為 There are thousands of visitors who visit the Great Wall every year.

或Thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.

4 沒有主句的句子裡不可出現定語從句，如，

Tom, a clever boy, who is twelve years old.（湯姆是個聰明的孩子，今年12歲了。）

應改為 Tom, a clever boy, is twelve years old.

在把帶有定語從句的英語句子翻譯成漢語時，要充分考慮漢語的表達習慣，有時要進行謂語化或定語化翻譯，有時要進行狀語化翻譯，把較長的英語句子翻譯成幾個漢語句子，並能體現他們之間因果、讓步、並列等的關係；而在進行漢譯英時則要充分考慮英語的語法，避免漢語的負遷移。

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能力檢測：2016年高三一模翻譯彙編

1. 問了快遞人員後，他被告知在網上買的禮物三天後才到上海。（after)（普陀區2016一模）

After asking the delivery man, he was informed the present he bought on the internet would arrive in three days.

2. 政府近來採取了一系列措施治理環境汙染，這些措施在部分城市已取得初步成效。（achieve）

(徐匯2016一模)

Recently, the government has taken a series of measures to cope with the environmental pollution, which has achieved initial success in some cities.

3．很多國際組織敦促雙方應該保持冷靜以遏制局勢的進一步惡化，但這毫無作用。（urge v.）

(青浦2016一模)

Many international organizations urged that both sides should keep calm to stop the situation from getting worse, which did not work at all.

4．經常換工作和住所的人常常沒有安全感並且缺乏責任心。（who）(2016黃浦一模)

People who often change their jobs and shelters seem to have no sense of safety and lack responsibility.

5．有所得就有所失，我們要意識到這一點。(while) (靜安區2016一模)

Gaining while losing, which we should be aware of.

6. 從顧客的肢體語言，這個售貨員就能知道他想買什麼，這讓那位顧客十分驚訝。(amaze)

(2016虹口一模)

From the customer’s body language, the sop assistant can exactly know what he wants to buy, which amaze the customer very much.

7 .許多人喜歡用手機記錄下給他們留下深刻印象的動人瞬間。（impress）(2016寶山一模)

Many people love to record moving moments that impress them deeply with their cellphones.

一般來說解決定語從句相關習題需要三個步驟：第一，先判定是定語從句；第二，看從句中缺何種成分；第三，看先行詞指代什麼，如下表所示：

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定語從句找關係詞解題技巧

1.---Is that the small town you often refer to?

---Right, just the one _______ you know I used to work for years. where

2. The author was brought up in a small village in the remote mountain area, _________is described in some of his short stories.as

3. for many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _____New York is an example.of which

4. The government has revised the budget, 5% of ________ will be used to help develop the small and medium-sized enterprises.which

5. Children who are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.whose

6. The film brought the hours back to me ________ I fought side by side with my fellow soldiers in the Anti-Japanese War.when

7. Sometimes failure is not a bad thing. Even a failure ________ seems total can inspire fresh thinking.that

8. Children usually think of their class teacher as someone ________ they can turn when they are in difficulty.to whom

9. It is the fifth time in this month that Christina has been turned down by the companies she applied to, _______ discourages her a lot.which

10. Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstorm ________ few citizens had ever experienced.as

11. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.where

12. The singing group was so well received that the size of the audience, _________we had expected, was well over ten thousand.as

13. Who doesn’t hate him _________ knows how cruel he is ?that

14. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ________ I met in the English speech contest last year.who

15. She was educated at Beijing University, ________ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. after which

16. The small-engine cars, ________ fuel and maintenance costs are much lower than those of bigger cars, do give the consumers a lot of convenience.whose

17. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.when

18. This is a kind of production line ______workers stand and add one part to each car as the assembly line passes.where

19. Mr. Wang, _______ help we visited Tibet last year, was one of the first of the professional guides.with whose

20. That Senior 3 student expressed his wish that he could enjoy a carefree winter holiday, _______, unluckily, was hardly possible.which

【2016年二模】

1.上海迪斯尼樂園肯定會成為一個值得多次遊覽的旅遊景點。(worth)（虹口區）

Shanghai Disneyland is sure to become a place of interest / a scenic spot / a tourist attraction / destination (which/

that is) worth touring / visiting many times.

2.湯姆錯過了那場公眾評價很高的電影，並非因為買不到電影票，而是因為交通堵塞。（available）

（虹口區）

Tom missed the movie (which / that) the public speak / spoke highly of not because the movie ticket was not

available but because he met with / came across a traffic jam.

3 讓沒有受過專業培訓的人操縱機器是不負責任的行為。(who)（黃浦區）

It is irresponsible/not responsible to allow someone who hasn’t received/had professional training to operate the machine.

4. 他在一些無關緊要的事上花費太多時間，導致了整個項目的失敗。(lead to)（浦東新區）

He spent too much time on some unimportant / less important things/(in) doing what was unimportant, which led to

the failure of the whole project.

5.要想發展科學，必須營造一種鼓勵創新的環境，要允許自由探索，提倡學術爭鳴。(advocate)（徐彙區）

To develop science, we must create an environment which encourages innovation, and we must allow free

exploration (of new things) and advocate academic debate.

6. 為了免受交通擁擠之苦, 越來越多的市民搬到了市郊，享受渴望已久的寧靜生活。(free)（閔行區）

To be free of (from) heavy traffic, more and more citizens move to the suburbs,enjoying a peaceful life (which/that) they have been eager for a long time.

7.趁一切還來得及，去讚美你愛著、關心著的人吧。 (before) （奉賢區）

Compliment (Pay compliments to) those you love and care for/about before it is too late.

8.正如之前預料的一樣，參與家長會的很多家長自告奮勇承擔了校園檢查員的職務（as）（閘北區）

As was expected beforehand, many parents who attended the parents’ meeting volunteered to take on the responsibility of campus inspectors.

9. 學習的最大目標是使學生擁有克服困難和持續學習的能力，而不是將他們變成只會應付考試的機器（aim）（閘北區）

The biggest aim of study is to make students own the ability to conquer difficulties and conduct continuous learning instead of changing them into machines that only can handle tests.