Elements of a Good Lesson Plan
論好教案的基本要素
Teaching is much more likely to be successful when guided by a clear and complete lesson plan. The key elements of a good lesson plan include objectives, timing, sequencing, differentiation, assessment and materials.
只有在清晰完整的教案指導下，教學才更有可能獲得成功。一份好教案應該包括目標、時間、順序、差異、評估和資源等關鍵要素。
The first important question, you should ask when designing a lesson plan is: "What will students learn in this lesson?" Think about the specific knowledge, skills, awareness and language you want students to learn in the lessons. Make the objectives reasonable and attainable, that is, make sure that the objectives can be reached within the time you have for the lesson. In order to know if a lesson's objectives are reached,the objectives need to describe something that can be measured. Because of this, a lesson plan objective should describe behavior that can be observed. Good lesson plan objectives describe what students should be able to do after the lesson, not what they will know.
在設計教案時，心中要問的第一個重要問題是：“學生在這節課上將學到什麼內容？”要多考慮你想讓學生在課堂上學習的具體知識、技能、意識和語言等問題。目標定位要合理，且能易達，也就是說，要確保在上課時間內能達到目標。確認一堂課的目標能否實現，在目標中需要寫好可衡量的一些手段。因此，教案中的目標應該具體落實到可觀察的學習行為上。在好教案中，目標描述應該明確學生在課後做什麼，而不是他們知道了什麼。
So, for example, an objective of this current lesson is for readers to know the key elements of a good lesson plan. To work this in a way that can be observed and measured, we can say that after this lesson, participants will be able to describe the six key elements of a good lesson plan.
例如，我們現在節目的目標是讓讀者們瞭解寫好一份好教案的關鍵要素。在大家聽完節目之後，各位需要表述一下好教案中的六要素是什麼，以便讓我們得到可觀察和可測量的信息，並作出判斷。
Sequencing describes what will happen during the lesson, the order in which it happens and how you will transition between activities and to the next lesson. Considerations for sequencing could include when is the best time to do a certain activity and what is a logical but meaningful way to organize the lesson. Sequencing of a lesson should support the lessons learning objectives. Many lessons follow this structure: warm up, introduction to the class topic, presentation of material, one or more activities for students to practice, evaluation of the practice, an application to a relevant activity.
順序是指要描述講課中所有開展的教學內容、活動安排的先後，以及本課活動和下一課活動之間的銜接。在考慮順序時要包括考慮什麼時候是進行某項活動的最佳時間，以及什麼是組織課程的合乎邏輯，而又有意義的方法。一堂課的順序應該支持授課的學習目標。許多課堂講課都遵循這樣的一個結順序構：熱身、課程主題介紹、內容呈現、一個或多個供學生練習的活動、實踐評價和相關活動的應用等。
We want learners to be able to apply their new knowledge and skills to authentic real-world situations. One of the best ways to achieve this is by slowly removing the teacher as a director. Activities early in a lesson should include more direct guidance from the teacher. As the lesson progresses, learners should be given more independence. At the same time we are moving students from more surface level, memorization and identification tasks to higher level interactions with less material such as applying analyzing and synthesizing.
我們希望學生們能夠將他們所學到的新知識和技能應用到真實的現實世界中。要做到這一點，最好的方法之一就是要讓教師慢慢地淡出自己的主導地位。授課的早期活動的確需要教師更直接的指導，但隨著課程逐步深入，學生們應該獲得更多的獨立性。同時，我們應該讓學生更多地從表層、記憶和識別的任務活動中轉到更高層次的互動中去，減少教材使用的分量，更多地訓練學生的分析能力和綜合能力。
Well, it is important to be flexible when teaching, it is also important to estimate how long each part of the lesson will take. This will help organize activities and determine what is possible to do in a lesson. Never forget that learning takes time. Make sure to give your students plenty of time to process an activity or engage in new learning.
好，教學需要靈活這一點很重要，同時預估課文的每一部分需要花多長時間也很重要。這將有助於教師組織課堂活動，並確定在一節課中可以做哪些事情。務必記住學習是需要時間的。一定要給學生們留足時間來開展某項活動或進行新的學習。
You will have a variety of students in your classroom. How you support students who need extra help, and students who need to be challenged more. When writing your lesson plan, make sure to include details about student interaction. For example, will they be joined pair work，individual work， group work or be listening to the teacher presenting information?
一個班級中的學生水平參差不齊。要考慮如何支持需要額外幫助的學生，以及需要更多挑戰的學生。在寫教案時，一定要寫上學生互動的細節，例如，他們是結對作業、個人作業、小組作業還是聽老師講課？
Make sure that your lesson includes a balance of interaction during the class, as this can help with differentiation and create a learning environment that is productive for multiple learning styles. Providing detailed notes and a lesson plan regarding what challenges students might have, and how you might avoid or lessen the impact of these challenges can help a teacher adapt for differentiation.
教案中還應包括課堂的互動平衡，因為這有助於教師處理差異化的問題，並創建一個對多種學習方式有效的學習環境。在教案中寫上詳細的標註，預計學生可能要面臨的挑戰，以及如何避免或減輕這些挑戰的影響，凡此等等都有助於教師授課時面對不同水平的學生採取不同的教學方法。
For assessment of student learning，how will you know what students have learned? How will you know if the learning objectives were met? Will you ask your students comprehension questions? Will there be a short presentation, drills a short quiz, a written assignment, or a group activity where students must use new learning to complete the task? For assessment of the overall lesson, do you leave time at the end of the lesson together feedback? Is there a space for you to take notes on the lesson plan? After each class, try to find the time to reflect on the lesson and identify what worked and what did not.
至於對學生進行學習評估，要確定你是如何獲知到學生們究竟學到了什麼？你是如何知道他們是否達到了學習目標？你是否使用理解題來詢問他們？你是否使用簡短的演講，小測驗，書面作業，或小組活動？學生們是否必須使用剛學到的知識來完成這些任務？對於整節課的評估，您是否在課程結束時留下時間來一起反饋？你是否時間記下這些反饋的要點？每節課結束後，試著找一點時間來反思這節課，找出哪些教法有效，哪些無效。
In order to implement a good lesson, you need to know what materials will be necessary. This can include books, pens, handouts, and so on. Making sure to obtain the necessary materials before class is important, as it saves time and helps teachers feel more prepared.
為了上好課，你需要確認哪些材料是必要的，包括書、筆、講義等。確保在上課前獲得必要的材料是十分重要的，因為這樣可以節省時間，並讓自己感到做好了充分的準備。
Now that we have looked at the six essential elements of a good lesson plan, your next step is to take a comprehension quiz， which will not only help you review these concepts but also think through why these six elements should be included in a lesson plan.
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關鍵字: what objectives plan
