In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simpleminded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality (whatever that might mean). A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle believed Empedocles’s theory that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water. This was simple enough, but did not make any definite predictions.
On the other hand, Newton’s theory of gravity was based on an even simpler model, in which bodies attracted each other with a force that was proportional to a quantity called their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motions of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy.
Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory.
Arbitrary 任意的
Provisional 临时的
为了谈论宇宙的性质和讨论诸如它是否存在开端或终结的问题，你必须清楚什么是科学理论。我将采用头脑简单的观点，即理论只不过是宇宙或它的受限制的一部分的模型，一些联结这模型和我们所观察的量的规则。它只存在于我们的头脑中，（不管在任何意义上）不再具有任何其他的实在性。如果它满足以下两个要求，就算是好的理论：它必须在只包含一些任意元素的一个模型的基础上，准确地描述大批的观测，并对未来观测的结果作出确定的预言。例如，亚里士多德关于任何东西是由四元素，土、空气、火和水组成的理论是足够简单的了，但它没有做出任何确定的预言。
另一方面，牛顿的引力理论是基于甚至更为简单的模型，在此模型中两物体之间的相互吸引力和它们称之为质量的量成正比，并和它们之间的距离的平方成反比。然而，它以很高的精确性预言了太阳、月亮和行星的运动。
在它只是假设的意义上来讲，任何物理理论总是临时性的：你永远不可能将它证明。不管多少回实验的结果和某一理论相一致，你永远不可能断定下一次结果不会和它矛盾。另一方面，哪怕你只要找到一个和理论预言不一致的观测事实，即可证伪之。正如科学哲学家卡尔·波普所强调的，一个好的理论的特征是，它能给出许多原则上可以被观测所否定或证伪的预言。每回观察到与这预言相符的新的实验，则这理论就幸存，并且增加了我们对它的可信度；然而若有一个新的观测与之不符，则我们只得抛弃或修正这理论。
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