Light rays too must follow geodesics in space-time. Again, the fact that space is curved means that light no longer appears to travel in straight lines in space. So general relativity predicts that light should be bent by gravitational fields. For example, the theory predicts that the light cones of points near the sun would be slightly bent inward, on account of the mass of the sun. This means that light from a distant star that happened to pass near the sun would be deflected through a small angle, causing the star to appear in a different position to an observer on the earth (Fig. 2.9). Of course, if the light from the star always passed close to the sun, we would not be able to tell whether the light was being deflected or if instead the star was really where we see it. However, as the earth orbits around the sun, different stars appear to pass behind the sun and have their light deflected. They therefore change their apparent position relative to other stars. It is normally very difficult to see this effect, because the light from the sun makes it impossible to observe stars that appear near to the sun the sky. However, it is possible to do so during an eclipse of the sun, when the sun’s light is blocked out by the moon.
Einstein’s prediction of light deflection could not be tested immediately in 1915, because the First World War was in progress, and it was not until 1919 that a British expedition, observing an eclipse from West Africa, showed that light was indeed deflected by the sun, just as predicted by the theory.
This proof of a German theory by British scientists was hailed as a great act of reconciliation between the two countries after the war. It is ionic, therefore, that later examination of the photographs taken on that expedition showed the errors were as great as the effect they were trying to measure.
Deflection 偏向
Reconciliation 调和
光线也必须沿着时空的测地线走。空间是弯曲的事实又一次意味着，在空间中光线看起来不是沿着直线走。这样，广义相对论预言光线必须被引力场所折弯。譬如，理论预言，由于太阳的质量的缘故，太阳近处的点的光锥会向内稍微偏折。这表明，从远处恒星发出的刚好通过太阳附近的光线会被折弯很小的角度，对于地球上的观察者而言，这恒星显得是位于不同的位置（图2.9）。当然，如果从恒星来的光线总是在靠太阳很近的地方穿过，则我们无从知道这光线是被偏折了，还是这恒星实际上就是在我们所看到的地方。然而，当地球绕着太阳公转，不同的恒星从太阳后面通过，并且它们的光线被偏折。所以，相对于其他恒星而言，它们改变了表观的位置。
在正常情况下，去观察到这个效应是非常困难的，这是由于太阳的光线使得人们不可能观看天空上出现在太阳附近的恒星。然而，在日食时就可能观察到，这时太阳的光线被月亮遮住了。由于第一次世界大战正在进行，爱因斯坦的光偏折的预言不可能在1915年立即得到验证。直到1919年，一个英国的探险队从西非观测日食，指出光线确实像理论所预言的那样被太阳所偏折。这次德国人的理论为英国人所证明被欢呼为战后两国和好的伟大行动。具有讽刺意味的是，后来人们检查这回探险所拍的照片，发现其误差和所企图测量的效应同样大。
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