Between 1887 and 1905 there were several attempts, most notably by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, to explain the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment in terms of objects contracting and clocks slowing down when they moved through the ether. However, in a famous paper in 1905, a hither to unknown clerk in the Swiss patent office, Albert Einstein, pointed out that the whole idea of an ether was unnecessary, providing one was willing to abandon the idea of absolute time.
A similar point was made a few weeks later by a leading French mathematician, Henri Poincare. Einstein’s arguments were closer to physics than those of Poincare, who regarded this problem as mathematical. Einstein is usually given the credit for the new theory, but Poincare is remembered by having his name attached to an important part of it.
The fundamental postulate of the theory of relativity, as it was called, was that the laws of science should be the same for all freely moving observers, no matter what their speed.
This was true for Newton’s laws of motion, but now the idea was extended to include Maxwell’s theory and the speed of light: all observers should measure the same speed of light, no matter how fast they are moving. This simple idea has some remarkable consequences. Perhaps the best known are the equivalence of mass and energy, summed up in Einstein’s famous equation E=mc2 (where E is energy, m is mass, and cis the speed of light), and the law that nothing may travel faster than the speed of light. Because of the equivalence of energy and mass, the energy which an object has due to its motion will add to its mass. In other words, it will make it harder to increase its speed. This effect is only really significant for objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light. For example, at 10 percent of the speed of light an object’s mass is only 0.5 percent more than normal, while at 90 percent of the speed of light it would be more than twice its normal mass. As an object approaches the speed of light, its mass rises ever more quickly, so it takes more and more energy to speed it up further. It can in fact never reach the speed of light, because by then its mass would have become infinite, and by the equivalence of mass and energy, it would have taken an infinite amount of energy to get it there. For this reason, any normal object is forever confined by relativity to move at speeds slower than the speed of light. Only light, or other waves that have no intrinsic mass, can move at the speed of light.
Notably 显著地
在1887年到1905年之间，人们曾经好几次企图去解释麦克尔逊——莫雷实验。最著名者为荷兰物理学家亨得利克·罗洛兹，他是依据相对于以太运动的物体的收缩和钟变慢的机制。然而，一位迄至当时还不知名的瑞士专利局的职员阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦，在1905年的一篇著名的论文中指出，只要人们愿意抛弃绝对时间的观念的话，整个以太的观念则是多余的。
几个星期之后，一位法国最重要的数学家亨利·彭加勒也提出类似的观点。爱因斯坦的论证比彭加勒的论证更接近物理，因为后者将此考虑为数学问题。通常这个新理论是归功于爱因斯坦，但彭加勒的名字在其中起了重要的作用。
这个被称之为相对论的基本假设是，不管观察者以任何速度作自由运动，相对于他们而言，科学定律都应该是一样的。
这对牛顿的运动定律当然是对的，但是现在这个观念被扩展到包括马克斯韦理论和光速：不管观察者运动多快，他们应测量到一样的光速。这简单的观念有一些非凡的结论。可能最著名者莫过于质量和能量的等价，这可用爱因斯坦著名的方程E＝mc2来表达（这儿E是能量，m是质量，c是光速），以及没有任何东西能运动得比光还快的定律。由于能量和质量的等价，物体由于它的运动所具的能量应该加到它的质量上面去。换言之，要加速它将变得更为困难。这个效应只有当物体以接近于光速的速度运动时才有实际的意义。例如，以10％光速运动的物体的质量只比原先增加了0.5％，而以90％光速运动的物体，其质量变得比正常质量的两倍还多。当一个物体接近光速时，它的质量上升得越来越快，它需要越来越多的能量才能进一步加速上去。实际上它永远不可能达到光速，因为那时质量会变成无限大，而由质量能量等价原理，这就需要无限大的能量才能做到。由于这个原因，相对论限制任何正常的物体永远以低于光速的速度运动。只有光或其他没有内禀质量的波才能以光速运动。
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