Nowadays we use just this method to measure distances precisely, because we can measure time more accurately than length. In effect, the meter is defined to be the distance traveled by light in 0.000000003335640952 second, as measured by a cesium clock. (The reason for that particular number is that it corresponds to the historical definition of the meter - in terms of two marks on a particular platinum bar kept in Paris.) Equally, we can use a more convenient, new unit of length called a light-second. This is simply defined as the distance that light travels in one second. In the theory of relativity, we now define distance in terms of time and the speed of light, so it follows automatically that every observer will measure light to have the same speed (by definition, 1 meter per 0.000000003335640952 second). There is no need to introduce the idea of an ether, whose presence anyway cannot be detected, as the Michelson-Morley experiment showed. The theory of relativity does, however, force us to change fundamentally our ideas of space and time. We must accept that time is not completely separate from and independent of space, but is combined with it to form an object called space-time.
It is a matter of common experience that one can describe the position of a point in space by three numbers, or coordinates. For instance, one can say that a point in a room is seven feet from one wall, three feet from another, and five feet above the floor. Or one could specify that a point was at a certain latitude and longitude and a certain height above sea level. One is free to use any three suitable coordinates, although they have only a limited range of validity. One would not specify the position of the moon in terms of miles north and miles west of Piccadilly Circus and feet above sea level. Instead, one might describe it in terms of distance from the sun, distance from the plane of the orbits of the planets, and the angle between the line joining the moon to the sun and the line joining the sun to a nearby star such as Alpha Centauri.
Even these coordinates would not be of much use in describing the position of the sun in our galaxy or the position of our galaxy in the local group of galaxies. In fact, one may describe the whole universe in terms of a collection of overlapping patches. In each patch, one can use a different set of three coordinates to specify the position of a point.
Coordinate 坐标
现在我们正是用这种方法来准确地测量距离，因为我们可以比测量长度更为准确地测量时间。实际上，米是被定义为光在以铂原子钟测量的0.000000003335640952秒内走过的距离（取这个特别的数字的原因是，因为它对应于历史上的米的定义——按照保存在巴黎的特定铂棒上的两个刻度之间的距离）。同样，我们可以用叫做光秒的更方便更新的长度单位，这就是简单地定义为光在一秒走过的距离。现在，我们在相对论中按照时间和光速来定义距离，这样每个观察者都自动地测量出同样的光速（按照定义为每0. 000000003335640952秒之1米）。没有必要引入以太的观念，正如麦克尔逊——莫雷实验显示的那样，以太的存在是无论如何检测不到的。然而，相对论迫使我们从根本上改变了对时间和空间的观念。我们必须接受的观念是：时间不能完全脱离和独立于空间，而必须和空间结合在一起形成所谓的时空的客体。
我们通常的经验是可以用三个数或座标去描述空间中的一点的位置。譬如，人们可以说屋子里的一点是离开一堵墙7英尺（1英尺=0.3048米），离开另一堵墙3英尺（1英尺=0.3048米），并且比地面高5英尺（1英尺=0.3048米）。人们也可以用一定的纬度、经度和海拔来指定该点。人们可以自由地选用任何三个合适的坐标，虽然它们只在有限的范围内有效。人们不是按照在伦敦皮卡迪里圆环以北和以西多少英里（1英里=1.609公里）以及高于海平面多少英尺（1英尺=0.3048米）来指明月亮的位置，而是用离开太阳、离开行星轨道面的距离以及月亮与太阳的连线和太阳与临近的一个恒星——例如α-半人马座——连线之夹角来描述之。
甚至这些座标对于描写太阳在我们星系中的位置，或我们星系在局部星系群中的位置也没有太多用处。事实上，人们可以用一族互相交迭的坐标碎片来描写整个宇宙。在每一碎片中，人们可用不同的三个座标的集合来指明点的位置。
閱讀更多 聰哥記單詞 的文章
